Farming System-scope, importance, and concept, Types and systems of farming system and
factors affecting types of farming, Farming system components and their maintenance,
Cropping system and pattern, multiple cropping system, Efficient cropping system and their
evaluation, Allied enterprises and...
Farming System-scope, importance, and concept, Types and systems of farming system and
factors affecting types of farming, Farming system components and their maintenance,
Cropping system and pattern, multiple cropping system, Efficient cropping system and their
evaluation, Allied enterprises and their importance, Tools for determining production and
efficiencies in cropping and farming system; Sustainable agriculture-problems and its impact
on agriculture, indicators of sustainability, adaptation and mitigation, conservation agriculture
strategies in agriculture, HEIA, LEIA and LEISA and its techniques for sustainability,
Integrated farming system-historical background, objectives and characteristics, components of
IFS and its advantages, Site specific development of IFS model for different agro-climatic
zones, resource use efficiency and optimization techniques, Resource cycling and flow of
energy in different farming system, farming system and environment, Visit of IFS model in
different agro-climatic zones of nearby states University/ institutes and farmers field.
Size: 1.47 MB
Language: none
Added: Jun 22, 2023
Slides: 53 pages
Slide Content
Ishan Dewangan
FARMING SYSTEM AND SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE
1
FARMING SYSTEM : SCOPE,
IMPORTANCE AND CONCEPT
Definition:-
Farming- process of harnessing solar energy in the form of
economic plant and animal product System- set of inter-
related, interacting and interdependent acting together for a
common purpose and capable of reacting as a whole to
external stimuli.
рдЦреЗрддреА- рдЖрд┐рдеJрдХ рдкреМрдзреЗ рдФрд░ рдкрд╢реБ рдЙрд╛рдж nрдгрд╛рд▓реА рдХреЗ iрдк рдоg рд╕реМрд░ рдКрдЬрд╛J рдХрд╛ рдЙрдкрдпреЛрдЧ рдХрд░рдиреЗ
рдХреА nрд┐bрдпрд╛- рдПрдХ рд╕рд╛рдорд╛J рдЙреЗ? рдХреЗ рд┐рд▓рдП рдПрдХ рд╕рд╛рде рдХрд╛рдпJ рдХрд░рдиреЗ рд╡рд╛рд▓реЗ рдЕрдВрддрд░-рд╕рдВрдмрдВрд┐рдзрдд,
рдЕрдВрддрдГ рд┐bрдпрд╛рдХ рдФрд░ рдЕJреЛJрд╛рд┐mрдд рдХрд╛ рд╕реЗрдЯ рдФрд░ рдмрд╛рд╣рд░реА рдЙреЗрдЬрдирд╛рдУрдВ рдХреЗ рд┐рд▓рдП рд╕рдоd iрдк
рд╕реЗ nрд┐рддрд┐bрдпрд╛ рдХрд░рдиреЗ рдоg рд╕?рдо
Farming system - Farming system is defined as a population of
individual farm system that have broadly similar resource
bases, enterprise patterns, household livelihoods and
constraints for which similar developmental strategies and
interventions would be appropriate
рдХреГ рд┐рд╖ nрдгрд╛рд▓реА - рдХреГ рд┐рд╖ nрдгрд╛рд▓реА рдХреЛ ?0?рдЧрдд рдХреГ рд┐рд╖ nрдгрд╛рд▓реА рдХреА рдЖрдмрд╛рджреА рдХреЗ iрдк рдоg
рдк/рд░рднрд╛рд┐рд╖рдд рд┐рдХрдпрд╛ рдЧрдпрд╛ рд╣реИ рд┐рдЬрд╕рдоg рдореЛрдЯреЗ рддреМрд░ рдкрд░ рд╕рдорд╛рди рд╕рдВрд╕рд╛рдзрди рдЖрдзрд╛рд░, рдЙреЙрдо рдкреИрдЯрдиJ, рдШрд░реЗрд▓реВ
рдЖрдЬреАрд┐рд╡рдХрд╛ рдФрд░ рдмрд╛рдзрд╛рдПрдВ рд╣S рд┐рдЬрдирдХреЗ рд┐рд▓рдП рд╕рдорд╛рди рд┐рд╡рдХрд╛рд╕ рд░рдгрдиреАрд┐рддрдпрд╛рдВ рдФрд░ рд╣??реЗрдк рдЙрдкрдпреБ?
рд╣реЛрдВрдЧреЗ
Farming system is a mix of farm enterprises such as crop,
livestock, aquaculture, agro forestry and fruit crops to which
farm family allocates its resources in order to efficiently
manage the existing environment for the attainment of the
family goal.
рдХреГ
jрд╖ $рдгрд╛рд▓# рдлрд╕рд▓,
рдкрд╢реБрдзрди
, рдЬрд▓#рдп
рдХреГ
jрд╖,
рдХреГ
jрд╖ рд╡рд╛?рдирдХ' рдФрд░ рдлрд▓I рдХ' рдлрд╕рд▓I рдЬреИрд╕реЗ
рдХреГ
jрд╖ рдЙnрдпрдоI рдХрд╛ gрдоямБрдг рд╣реИ, рд┐рдЬрд╕реЗ iрдХрд╕рд╛рди рдк?рд░рд╡рд╛рд░ рдк?рд░рд╡рд╛рд░ рдХреЗ рд▓рдЙрдп рдХ' $рд╛рд┐?рдд рдХреЗ
gрд▓рдП
рдореМрдЬреВрджрд╛
рд╡рд╛рддрд╛рд╡рд░рдг рдХреЛ
рдХреБрд╢рд▓рддрд╛рдкреВрд╡
xрдХ $рдмрдВ/рдзрдд рдХрд░рдиреЗ рдХреЗ gрд▓рдП рдЕрдкрдиреЗ рд╕рдВрд╕рд╛рдзрдиI рдХреЛ
рдЖрд╡рдВ?рдЯрдд рдХрд░рддрд╛ рд╣реИред
Scope:-
Farming system approach is an approach for developing farm-household
system, built on principles of productivity, profitability, stability and
sustainability.
Ishan Dewangan
FARMING SYSTEM AND SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE
2
яГШ It emphasizes understanding of farm household, community inter-
linkages, reviews constraints and assess poten?als.
яГШ It combines improvements designed for be?er technology.
яГШ It is con?nuous dynamic and interac?ve learning process based on
analysis, planning, tes?ng, monitoring and evalua?on.
рдХреГ
jрд╖ $рдгрд╛рд▓# ?рд┐?
рдЯрдХреЛрдг рдХреГ
jрд╖-
рдШрд░реЗрд▓реВ
$рдгрд╛рд▓# рдХреЗ jрд╡рдХрд╛рд╕ рдХреЗ gрд▓рдП рдПрдХ ?рд┐?рдЯрдХреЛрдг рд╣реИ,
рдЬреЛ рдЙ?рдкрд╛рджрдХрддрд╛, рд▓рд╛рдн$рджрддрд╛, рд┐?рдерд░рддрд╛ рдФрд░ рд┐?рдерд░рддрд╛ рдХреЗ gрд╕nрдзрд╛рдВрддI рдкрд░ рдмрдирд╛рдпрд╛ рдЧрдпрд╛
рд╣реИред
яГШ рдпрд╣
рдХреГ
jрд╖ рдк?рд░рд╡рд╛рд░ рдХ' рд╕рдордЭ,
рд╕рд╛рдореБрджрд╛
?рдпрдХ
рдЕрдВрддрд░
-рд╕рдВрдмрдВрдзI, рдмрд╛рдзрд╛рдУрдВ рдХ' рд╕рдореА?рд╛ рдХрд░рдиреЗ
рдФрд░ ?рдорддрд╛ рдХрд╛ рдЖрдХрд▓рди рдХрд░рдиреЗ рдкрд░ рдЬреЛрд░ рджреЗрддрд╛ рд╣реИред
яГШ рдпрд╣ рдмреЗрд╣рддрд░ рддрдХрдиреАрдХ рдХреЗ gрд▓рдП kрдбреЫрд╛рдЗрди iрдХрдП рдЧрдП
рд╕реБрдзрд╛рд░
I рдХреЛ рдЬреЛреЬрддреА рд╣реИред
яГШ рдпрд╣ jрд╡?рд▓реЗрд╖рдг, рдпреЛрдЬрдирд╛, рдкрд░#?рдг, ?рдирдЧрд░рд╛рдиреА рдФрд░
рдореВ
?рдпрд╛рдВрдХрди рдХреЗ рдЖрдзрд╛рд░ рдкрд░ ?рдирд░рдВрддрд░
рдЧ?рддрд╢реАрд▓ рдФрд░ рдЗрдВрдЯрд░реИрд┐?рдЯрд╡ рд╕реАрдЦрдиреЗ рдХ' $iрдпрд╛ рд╣реИред
Importance:-
яГШ Reduces risk of monoculture
яГШ Promotes enterprise diversiямБca?on
яГШ Promotes value addi?on
яГШ Development of alternate income sources with eямГcient u?liza?on of
farm resources
яГШ Provides opportunity for eямАec?ve recycling of products and by-products
яГШ It helps to generate ямВow of cash to farmers year round.
яГШ рдореЛрдиреЛрдХ?рдЪрд░ рдХреЗ рдЬреЛhрдЦрдо рдХреЛ рдХрдо рдХрд░рддрд╛ рд╣реИ
яГШ рдЙnрдпрдо jрд╡jрд╡рдзреАрдХрд░рдг рдХреЛ рдмреЭрд╛рд╡рд╛ рджреЗрддрд╛ рд╣реИ
яГШ
рдореВ
?рдп рд╕рдВрд╡рдзxрди рдХреЛ рдмреЭрд╛рд╡рд╛ рджреЗрддрд╛ рд╣реИ
яГШ
рдХреГ
jрд╖ рд╕рдВрд╕рд╛рдзрдиI рдХреЗ
рдХреБрд╢рд▓
рдЙрдкрдпреЛрдЧ рдХреЗ рд╕рд╛рде рд╡реИрдХрд┐?рдкрдХ рдЖрдп 0реЛрддI рдХрд╛ jрд╡рдХрд╛рд╕
яГШ рдЙ?рдкрд╛рджI рдФрд░ рдЙрдк-рдЙ?рдкрд╛рджI рдХреЗ $рднрд╛рд╡реА рд░#рд╕рд╛рдЗрд┐?
рд▓рдВрдЧ
рдХреЗ gрд▓рдП рдЕрд╡рд╕рд░ $рджрд╛рди рдХрд░рддрд╛ рд╣реИ
яГШ рдпрд╣ рд╕рд╛рд▓ рднрд░ iрдХрд╕рд╛рдиI рдХреЛ рдирдХрдж# рдХрд╛ $рд╡рд╛рд╣ рдЙ?рдк?рди рдХрд░рдиреЗ рдоE рдорджрдж рдХрд░рддрд╛ рд╣реИред
CONCEPT:-
Ishan Dewangan
FARMING SYSTEM AND SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE
3
яГШ Income through arable land alone is insuямГcient for bulk of marginal
farmers, other ac?vi?es such as dairy, poultry, sericulture, apiculture,
ямБsheries etc. assume cri?cal importance in supplemen?ng the farm
income.
яГШ To evolve technically feasible and economically viable farming system
model by integra?ng cropping with allied enterprises for irrigated,
rainfed, hilly and coastal areas with a view to generate employment and
income from the farm.
яГШ A judicious mix of any one or more of these enterprises with agronomic
crops should complement the farm income and help in recycling the
farm residues/wastes.
Selection of enterprises must be 6 based on the cardinal principles of
minimising the competition and maximising the complementary between the
enterprises.
Summarized concept: It is a holistic approach, complex in nature, inter-related
of components, matrix of soils, plants, animals, power, implements, labour,
capital and other inputs, influenced by political, economic, institutional and
social factors.
яГШ рдХреЗрд╡рд▓
рдХреГ
jрд╖ рдпреЛ?рдп
рднреВ
gрдо рдХреЗ рдорд╛?рдпрдо рд╕реЗ рдЖрдп рд╕реАрдорд╛рдВрдд iрдХрд╕рд╛рдиI,
рдбреЗрдпрд░
#,
рдореБрдЧ
8 рдкрд╛рд▓рди,
рд░реЗрд╢рдо рдХ'рдЯ рдкрд╛рд▓рди,
рдордзреБрдо
?рдЦреА рдкрд╛рд▓рди, рдо??рдп рдкрд╛рд▓рди рдЖ?рдж рдЬреИрд╕реА рдЕ?рдп рдЧ?рддjрд╡/рдзрдпI
рдХреЗ gрд▓рдП рдЕрдкрдпрд╛[?рдд рд╣реИред
рдХреГ
jрд╖ рдЖрдп рдХреЗ
рдкреВрд░рдХ
рдоE рдорд╣?
рд╡рдкреВрдг
рдм рдорд╣?рд╡ рд▓реЗрддреЗ рд╣Gред
яГШ рдЦреЗрдд рд╕реЗ рд░реЛрдЬрдЧрд╛рд░ рдФрд░ рдЖрдп рдЙ?рдк?рди рдХрд░рдиреЗ рдХ' ?рд┐?рдЯ рд╕реЗ gрд╕рдВ/рдЪрдд, рд╡рд╖рд╛рдм gрд╕рдВ/рдЪрдд, рдкрд╣рд╛реЬреА
рдФрд░ рддрдЯ#рдп ?реЗI рдХреЗ gрд▓рдП рд╕рдВрдмnрдз рдЙnрдпрдоI рдХреЗ рд╕рд╛рде рдлрд╕рд▓ рдХреЛ рдПрдХ'
рдХреГрдд
рдХрд░рдХреЗ
рддрдХрдиреАрдХ' ?рдк рд╕реЗ ?рдпрд╡рд╣рд╛рдпрдм рдФрд░ рдЖ/рдердмрдХ ?рдк рд╕реЗ ?рдпрд╡рд╣рд╛рдпрдм
рдХреГ
jрд╖ $рдгрд╛рд▓# рдореЙрдбрд▓
jрд╡рдХgрд╕рдд рдХрд░рдирд╛ред
яГШ
рдХреГ
jрд╖ рд╕рдВрдмрдВрдзреА рдлрд╕рд▓I рдХреЗ рд╕рд╛рде рдЗрдирдоE рд╕реЗ iрдХрд╕реА рдПрдХ рдпрд╛ рдЕ/рдзрдХ рдЙnрдпрдоI рдХрд╛ j
рд╡рд╡реЗрдХрдкреВрдг
рдм
gрдоямБрдг
рдХреГ
jрд╖ рдЖрдп рдХрд╛
рдкреВрд░рдХ
рд╣реЛрдирд╛ рдЪрд╛?рд╣рдП рдФрд░
рдХреГ
jрд╖ рдЕрд╡рд╢реЗрд╖I/рдЕрдкgрд╢?рдЯI рдХреЗ
рдкреБрдирдЪрдмc
рдг рдоE рдорджрдж рдХрд░рдиреА рдЪрд╛?рд╣рдПред
рдЙямАрдоL рдХрд╛ рдЪрдпрди ?рд┐рдд?рдкрдзрд╛? рдХреЛ рдХрдо рдХрд░рдиреЗ рдФрд░ рдЙямАрдоL рдХреЗ рдмреАрдЪ
рдкреВрд░рдХ
рдХреЛ рдЕрд┐рдзрдХрддрдо рдХрд░рдиреЗ рдХреЗ рдХрд╛рд┐рдб?рдирд▓ рд┐рд╕&
рд╛рдВрдд
L рдХреЗ рдЖрдзрд╛рд░ рдкрд░
рд╣реЛрдирд╛ рдЪрд╛рд┐рд╣рдПред
рд╕рдВ
реЭреЗрдк рдо? рдЕрд╡рдзрд╛рд░рдгрд╛: рдпрд╣ рдПрдХ рд╕рдо? @рд┐6рдХреЛрдг рд╣реИ, ?
рдХреГрд┐рдд
рдо? рдЬрд┐рдЯрд▓, рдШрдЯрдХL рд╕реЗ
рд╕рдВрдмрдВрд┐рдзрдд
, рд┐рдореА, рдкреМрдзL, рдЬрд╛рдирд╡рд░L, рд┐рдмрдЬрд▓реА,
рдЙрдкрдХрд░рдгL, ?рдо,
рдкреВрдВрдЬреА
рдФрд░ рдЕ?рдп
рдЗрдирдкреБрдЯ
рдХреЗ
рдореИрд┐
o?рд╕, рд░рд╛рдЬрдиреАрд┐рддрдХ, рдЖрд┐рде?рдХ,
рд╕рдВ
?рдерд╛рдЧрдд рдФрд░ рд╕рд╛рдорд╛рд┐рдЬрдХ рдХрд╛рд░рдХL рд╕реЗ ?рднрд╛рд┐рд╡рдд
Ishan Dewangan
FARMING SYSTEM AND SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE
4
TYPES AND SYSTEMS OF
FARMING SYSTEMS AND
FACTORS AFFECTING TYPES
OF FARMING
Types of farming system
Based on nature and purpose of farming
яГШ Subsistence farming: En?re produc?on is for family consump?on.
яГШ Commercial farming: En?re surplus is to sell in the market.
яГШ Intensive farming (Maximum output per unit of land): The farms are
usually small wherein high inputs of money, labour or technology is used
to achieve high output or yield from unit area of land.
яГШ Extensive farming: It is prac?ced in large patches of land. Although
produc?on from such huge patches is more but produc?on per unit land
is low.
яГШ Planta?on farming: It is the farming in estates where single cash crop is
grown for sale.
яГШ Mixed farming: It refers to the livestock produc?on along with usual
cul?vated crops.
2. According to cultivation
яГШ Collec?ve farming: Direct collec?on of plant products from non-arable
land.
яГШ Cul?va?on farming: Farmers cul?vates the land for growing crops and
rearing livestock.
3. According to size of farm
яГШ Small scale farming: Farming done on small size of holding and other
factors of produc?on are small in quan?ty and scale of produc?on is also
small.
яГШ Large scale farming: Farming done on large size holding with large
amount of capital, large labour force, large organisa?on and large risk.
4. According to value of produce
яГШ Intensive cul?va?on: Land remains ямБxed while other factors are
increased.
Ishan Dewangan
FARMING SYSTEM AND SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE
5
яГШ Extensive cul?va?on: More area can be brought under cul?va?on to
increase the output.
5. According to value of the produce and income
яГШ Specialized farming: Farm in which 50% or more income of total crop
produc?on is derived from a single crop
яГШ DiversiямБed farming: Farm in which no enterprise is contribu?ng to 50%
or more income
яГШ Mixed farming: Combina?on of crop with rearing of livestock where at
least 10% of its gross income must be from livestock ac?vity.
6. Indigenous farming system:
яГШ ShiLing cul?va?on: It refers to farming system in North-Eastern areas in
which land under vegeta?on is cleared by slash and burn method.
Tradi?onally, fallow period is 10-20 years but in recent ?mes it is reduced
to 2-5 years
яГШ Taungya cul?va?on :Scien?ямБcally managed shiLing cul?va?on Originated
from Myanmar Growing annual arable crops along with the forestry
species during early years of establishment
яГШ Zabo cul?va?on : Zabo means impounding of water. Usually it is
prac?ced in Nagaland. Rain water is collected in ponds and cul?va?on
fully depends on amount of water stored in pond. It is prac?ced in hill
tops where terraces cannot be constructed.
Ishan Dewangan
FARMING SYSTEM AND SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE
7
Natural resources and climate
Science and technology
Trade liberalisa?on and market development
Policies, ins?tu?ons and the public good
Informa?on and human capital
Indigenous Technical Knowledge (ITK)
1. Natural resources and climate:
яГШ Interac?on of natural resources, climate and popula?on determines the
physical basis for farming system
яГШ Increased variability of climate and thus agricultural produc?vity
substan?ally increases the risks faced by farmer thus reducing
investment and input use
яГШ Especially in arid regions climate is a major determinant and all the
perpetual clima?c problems in these areas determine the farming
system
яГШ In smaller farming system women are largely responsible for selec?on,
improvement and adap?on of high yielding varie?es. They are also
responsible for management of small livestock
2. Science and technology:
яГШ Appropriate technology for diямАerent agro-clima?c condi?ons and local
needs of the people determine the farming system in that region
яГШ During last 4-5 years investment in agriculture science and technology
expanded resul?ng in technical and ins?tu?onal reforms
яГШ Present day research is much focussed intensifying crop and livestock
produc?on 3. Trade liberaliza?on and market development
яГШ Marke?ng and processing are basic two pre-requistes for promo?ng IFS
under given agroecological condi?ons
яГШ If market for alterna?ve produce from IFS is assured then farmers are
mo?vated to diversify farming
яГШ Trade liberaliza?on is not only accelera?ng market development, but
also pa?erns of produc?on and natural resource usage are also changing
due to market forces
яГШ Trade liberaliza?on, availability of new produc?on, post harvest and
transport technologies will also change demand pa?erns by making
possible the delivery of new products in new forms to market.
3. Policies, Ins?tu?ons and the public good
Ishan Dewangan
FARMING SYSTEM AND SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE
8
яГШ Policy framework of government for rural infrastructure transport,
irriga?on, storage facili?es, processing and providing incen?ves to the
farmers encourages agricultural diversiямБca?on
яГШ Dynamic farming system requires a conducive policy environment.
яГШ Produc?on incen?ves have a drama?c eямАect on farming system.
яГШ Policies on land ownership, water management and taxa?on reforms
have great bearing on types of farming system in a region.
4. Informa?on and Human capital
яГШ Evolu?on of farming system based on increasing specializa?on or
integrated intensiямБca?on requires extra knowledge on the part of farm
operators.
яГШ This shows that there is a need of be?er informa?on and enhanced
human capital is increasing.
яГШ Be?er access to credit, land and extension services would enable women
to make an even greater contribu?on to elimina?ng rural hunger and
poverty.
5. Indigenous Technical Knowledge
яГШ ITK is that which people in a given community have developed over ?me
and con?nue to develop
яГШ It is based on experience, oLen tested over longer periods of use and
thereby lays emphasis on minimising risks rather than maximizing
proямБts.
COMPONENTS:-
A farming system is made up of various components that work together to
achieve sustainable agriculture. These components include:
яГШ Crops: The crops grown in a farming system are the primary source of
food and income for farmers. To maintain the crop component, farmers
need to use sustainable farming practices such as crop rotation,
intercropping, and the use of organic fertilizers.
яГШ Livestock: Livestock plays an important role in farming systems by
providing milk, meat, and manure for crop production. To maintain the
livestock component, farmers need to provide adequate feed and water,
maintain good animal health through vaccination and treatment, and
manage grazing lands to prevent overgrazing.
Ishan Dewangan
FARMING SYSTEM AND SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE
11
яГШ Soil: Soil is the foundation of any farming system and is essential for
crop growth. To maintain the soil component, farmers need to use
sustainable soil management practices such as conservation tillage, use
of cover crops, and appropriate use of fertilizers and pesticides.
яГШ Water: Water is a vital component of farming systems and is necessary
for crop growth and livestock production. To maintain the water
component, farmers need to use sustainable water management
practices such as efficient irrigation methods, rainwater harvesting, and
proper management of water resources.
яГШ Farm machinery and equipment: Farm machinery and equipment are
essential for efficient and effective farming. To maintain the machinery
and equipment components, farmers need to follow proper
maintenance procedures, ensure regular servicing, and use appropriate
safety measures.
яГШ Human resources: The human component of a farming system includes
the farmers, their family members, and other labourers. To maintain the
human resource component, farmers need to provide adequate training,
fair wages, and safe working conditions.
яГШ Infrastructure: Infrastructure components of a farming system include
buildings, fences, roads, and other facilities necessary for farm
operations. To maintain the infrastructure component, farmers need to
ensure regular maintenance and repair of these structures.
THEIR MANAGEMENT
To maintain the various components of a farming system, farmers need to
adopt sustainable farming practices that ensure the efficient use of resources,
minimize waste, and protect the environment. This includes practices such as
crop rotation, intercropping, conservation tillage, and the use of organic
fertilizers. Additionally, farmers need to ensure proper maintenance of farm
machinery and equipment, provide adequate training and support for
labourers, and ensure regular maintenance and repair of farm infrastructure.
Through the sustainable management of these components, farmers can
achieve sustainable agriculture and improve their livelihoods.
рдПрдХ
рдХреГрд┐рд╖
?рдгрд╛рд▓реА рдХреЗ рд┐рд╡рд┐рдн?рди рдШрдЯрдХL рдХреЛ рдмрдирд╛рдП рд░рдЦрдиреЗ рдХреЗ рд┐рд▓рдП, рд┐рдХрд╕рд╛рдиL рдХреЛ ?рдерд╛рдпреА
рдХреГрд┐рд╖
?
рдерд╛рдУрдВ
рдХреЛ рдЕрдкрдирд╛рдиреЗ рдХ? рдЖрд╡?рдпрдХрддрд╛
рд╣реИ рдЬреЛ
рд╕рдВрд╕рд╛рдзрди
L рдХреЗ
рдХреБрд╢рд▓
рдЙрдкрдпреЛрдЧ рдХреЛ
рд╕реБрд┐рдирд┐
2рдд рдХрд░рддреЗ рд╣?, рдХрдЪрд░реЗ рдХреЛ рдХрдо рдХрд░рддреЗ рд╣?, рдФрд░ рдкрдпрд╛?рд╡рд░рдг рдХ? рд░?рд╛ рдХрд░рддреЗ рд╣?ред рдЗрд╕рдо? рдлрд╕рд▓
рд░реЛрдЯреЗрд╢рди,
рдЗрдВрдЯрд░
?
реЙрд┐рдкрдВрдЧ
,
рд╕рдВрд░
?рдг
рдЬреБрддрд╛рдИ
рдФрд░ рдЬреИрд┐рд╡рдХ рдЙрд╡?рд░рдХL рдХреЗ рдЙрдкрдпреЛрдЧ рдЬреИрд╕реА ?
рдерд╛рдПрдВ
рд╢рд╛рд┐рдорд▓ рд╣?ред рдЗрд╕рдХреЗ рдЕрд┐рдд?рд░ , рд┐рдХрд╕рд╛рдиL рдХреЛ
рдХреГрд┐рд╖
рдорд╢реАрдирд░реА рдФрд░ рдЙрдкрдХрд░рдгL рдХрд╛ рдЙрд┐рдЪрдд рд░рдЦрд░рдЦрд╛рд╡
рд╕реБрд┐рдирд┐
2рдд рдХрд░рдиреЗ,
рдордЬрджреВрд░
L рдХреЗ рд┐рд▓рдП рдкрдпрд╛?. ?рд┐рд╢?рдг рдФрд░ рд╕рд╣рд╛рдпрддрд╛ ?рджрд╛рди рдХрд░рдиреЗ
рдФрд░
рдХреГрд┐рд╖
Ishan Dewangan
FARMING SYSTEM AND SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE
13
CROPPING SYSTEM AND
PATTERN, MULTIPLE CROPPING
SYSTEMS, EFFICIENT CROPPING
SYSTEM AND THEIR
EVALUATION
Cropping system & pattern
Cropping systems and patterns refer to the types and sequences of crops that
are grown on a farm. They are important in sustainable agriculture as they help
to maintain soil fertility, prevent pests and diseases, and ensure efficient use of
resources such as water and nutrients. Here is a detailed explanation of
cropping systems and patterns:
1. Monoculture: In this cropping system, a single crop is grown on the
same piece of land year after year. While this system can result in high
yields of a particular crop, it can lead to soil degradation, pest and
disease buildup, and nutrient depletion.
2. Crop rotation: Crop rotation involves growing different crops in a
specific sequence on the same piece of land. This system helps to
maintain soil fertility, prevent pest and disease buildup, and reduce the
need for synthetic fertilizers and pesticides. For example, a common
crop rotation system is corn followed by soybeans, followed by wheat.
3. Intercropping: This system involves growing two or more crops on the
same piece of land at the same time. Intercropping can help to reduce
soil erosion, increase soil fertility, and provide a diverse range of crops.
For example, farmers may grow corn and beans together, with the beans
providing nitrogen to the soil and the corn providing support for the
beans to climb.
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FARMING SYSTEM AND SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE
14
4. Relay cropping: In this system, one crop is planted in a field while
another is planted later in the same field, taking advantage of the
residual moisture and nutrients from the previous crop. This system can
help to maximize the use of land and resources, and increase yields.
5. Multiple cropping: This system involves growing two or more crops on
the same piece of land within a single year. This system can increase the
productivity of land, provide a diverse range of crops, and reduce the
risk of crop failure due to weather or pest and disease.
Cropping patterns are the specific arrangement of
crops in a field or farming system. They include:
1. Strip cropping: This pattern involves planting different crops in strips or
bands in a field. This pattern helps to reduce soil erosion, improve soil
fertility, and provide a diverse range of crops.
2. Contour farming: This pattern involves planting crops across a slope
rather than up and down. This pattern helps to prevent soil erosion and
conserve moisture.
3. Terracing: This pattern involves building terraces or steps on a slope to
create level areas for crops. This pattern helps to reduce soil erosion and
conserve moisture.
4. Alley cropping: This pattern involves planting rows of trees or shrubs
between rows of crops. This pattern helps to provide shade, reduce soil
erosion, and improve soil fertility.
5. Mixed cropping: This pattern involves planting different crops together
in the same field. This pattern helps to provide a diverse range of crops,
reduce soil erosion, and improve soil fertility.
рдлрд╕рд▓ ?рдгрд╛рд▓реА рдФрд░ рдкреИрдЯрди?
рдлрд╕рд▓ ?рдгрд╛рд▓реА рдФрд░ рдкреИрдЯрди? рдЙрди рдлрд╕рд▓L рдХреЗ ?рдХрд╛рд░ рдФрд░
рдЕрдиреБ
?рдоL рдХреЛ
рд╕рдВрджрд┐рдн
?рдд рдХрд░рддреЗ рд╣? рдЬреЛ рдПрдХ рдЦреЗрдд рдкрд░ рдЙрдЧрд╛рдП рдЬрд╛рддреЗ
рд╣?ред рд╡реЗ рд┐рдЯрдХрд╛рдК
рдХреГрд┐рд╖
рдо? рдорд╣?
рд╡рдкреВрдг
? рд╣? ?рдпLрд┐рдХ рд╡реЗ рд┐рдореА рдХ? рдЙрд╡?рд░рддрд╛ рдХреЛ рдмрдирд╛рдП рд░рдЦрдиреЗ, рдХ?рдЯL рдФрд░ рдмреАрдорд╛?рд░рдпL рдХреЛ
рд░реЛрдХрдиреЗ рдФрд░ рдкрд╛рдиреА рдФрд░ рдкреЛрд╖рдХ рдд?рд╡L рдЬреИрд╕реЗ
рд╕рдВрд╕рд╛рдзрди
L рдХреЗ
рдХреБрд╢рд▓
рдЙрдкрдпреЛрдЧ рдХреЛ
рд╕реБрд┐рдирд┐
2рдд рдХрд░рдиреЗ рдо? рдорджрдж рдХрд░рддреЗ рд╣?ред
рдпрд╣рд╛рдВ
Multiple cropping systems
Multiple cropping is a type of farming system where two or more crops are
grown on the same piece of land within a single year. This system is popular
in areas with favourable weather conditions and sufficient water resources.
Here is a detailed explanation of multiple cropping systems:
1. Sequential cropping: In this system, crops are grown in sequence, with
the next crop being planted immediately after the previous crop is
Ishan Dewangan
FARMING SYSTEM AND SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE
16
harvested. For example, farmers may plant maize in the rainy season
and then plant beans immediately after the maize is harvested.
2. Relay cropping: In this system, one crop is planted in a field while
another is planted later in the same field, taking advantage of the
residual moisture and nutrients from the previous crop. For example,
farmers may plant wheat in the fall, and then plant soybeans in the
same field in the spring, taking advantage of the residual moisture and
nutrients left by the wheat.
3. Mixed intercropping: In this system, two or more crops are grown
together in the same field at the same time. The crops are selected in
such a way that they do not compete with each other for resources. For
example, farmers may plant maize and beans together, with the maize
providing support for the beans to climb.
4. Strip cropping: In this system, different crops are grown in strips or
bands in a field. This pattern helps to reduce soil erosion, improve soil
fertility, and provide a diverse range of crops. For example, farmers may
plant maize and beans in alternating strips.
5. Agroforestry: In this system, trees or shrubs are planted in a field along
with crops. The trees provide shade and help to prevent soil erosion,
while the crops provide a source of income. For example, farmers may
plant cocoa trees along with maize or cassava.
6. Multi-tier cropping: In this system, crops are grown in multiple layers or
tiers. For example, farmers may plant maize on the ground, beans on
trellises above the maize, and sweet potatoes or squash on the ground
between the rows of maize.
The benefits of multiple cropping systems include increased productivity,
improved soil fertility, and reduced risk of crop failure due to weather or pest
and disease. Additionally, multiple cropping can provide a diverse range of
crops, which can increase food security and provide a source of income for
farmers. However, multiple cropping systems require careful planning and
management, as different crops have different requirements and may
compete for resources if not properly managed.
Efficient cropping system
An efficient cropping system is one that maximizes productivity while
minimizing resource use and environmental impact. A well-designed cropping
system can help farmers achieve sustainable agriculture, which balances
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FARMING SYSTEM AND SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE
18
economic, social, and environmental factors. Here is a detailed explanation of
an efficient cropping system:
1. Crop selection: The first step in an efficient cropping system is selecting
crops that are well adapted to the local environment and have a high
potential yield. This includes considering factors such as soil type,
climate, water availability, and market demand.
2. Crop rotation: Crop rotation is an essential component of an efficient
cropping system. This involves alternating different crops in a particular
field in a specific sequence to reduce soil-borne diseases and pests,
improve soil fertility, and reduce erosion.
3. Intercropping: Intercropping is a practice in which two or more crops are
grown together in the same field at the same time. This can reduce the
risk of crop failure, as different crops have different growth
requirements and can reduce competition for resources. Intercropping
can also help improve soil fertility, control pests and diseases, and
increase productivity.
4. Conservation tillage: Conservation tillage is a practice that reduces soil
disturbance and helps to maintain soil structure and fertility. This
involves minimal or no tillage of the soil and the use of cover crops or
crop residues to protect the soil from erosion and improve soil health.
5. Use of organic and natural inputs: The use of organic and natural inputs
such as compost, manure, and bio-fertilizers can help maintain soil
fertility, reduce environmental pollution, and improve crop health and
productivity.
6. Efficient use of water: Water is a critical resource in agriculture, and
efficient use of water is essential to maintain sustainable cropping
systems. Techniques such as drip irrigation, mulching, and rainwater
harvesting can help to conserve water, improve crop productivity, and
reduce soil erosion.
7. Integrated pest management: Integrated pest management (IPM) is an
approach that uses a combination of biological, cultural, and chemical
methods to manage pests and diseases. IPM can help to reduce the use
of synthetic pesticides, preserve natural enemies of pests, and reduce
the risk of developing pesticide resistance.
In conclusion, an efficient cropping system is one that optimizes the use of
resources, reduces environmental impact, and maximizes productivity. By
adopting sustainable farming practices such as crop selection, crop rotation,
intercropping, conservation tillage, use of organic and natural inputs, efficient
water use, and integrated pest management, farmers can achieve efficient
Ishan Dewangan
FARMING SYSTEM AND SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE
19
cropping systems that are economically viable, socially acceptable, and
environmentally sustainable.
рдЬреИрд╕реА ?рдерд╛рдпреА
рдХреГрд┐рд╖
?
рдерд╛рдУрдВ
рдХреЛ рдЕрдкрдирд╛рдХрд░, рд┐рдХрд╕рд╛рди
рдХреБрд╢рд▓
рдлрд╕рд▓ ?рдгрд╛рд┐рд▓рдпL рдХреЛ ?рд╛ямБ рдХрд░ рд╕рдХрддреЗ рд╣? рдЬреЛ рдЖрд┐рде?рдХ
Bрдк рд╕реЗ ?рдпрд╡рд╣рд╛рдп?, рд╕рд╛рдорд╛рд┐рдЬрдХ Bрдк рд╕реЗ ?рд╡реАрдХрд╛рдп? рдФрд░ рдкрдпрд╛?рд╡рд░рдгреАрдп Bрдк рд╕реЗ рд┐рдЯрдХрд╛рдК рд╣?ред
Their Evaluation
The evaluation of a cropping system is an essential step to determine its
efficiency and effectiveness. There are several methods to evaluate a cropping
system, including:
1. Yield: Yield is the most common measure of the success of a cropping
system. It is the amount of crop harvested per unit of land. Comparing
the yield of the cropping system to that of previous years or other farms
in the same region can help to determine its efficiency.
2. Input-output ratio: This is the ratio of the value of the crops produced to
the cost of inputs used, such as seeds, fertilizers, pesticides, and labour.
A high input-output ratio indicates that the cropping system is efficient
and economically viable.
3. Resource-use efficiency: This refers to the efficiency of using resources
such as water, nutrients, and labour. Resource-use efficiency can be
calculated by dividing the yield by the number of resources used. A
higher resource-use efficiency indicates that the cropping system is
using resources more efficiently.
4. Soil health: The health of the soil is critical for the success of a cropping
system. Assessing soil health indicators such as organic matter content,
pH, and soil structure can help to evaluate the effectiveness of the
cropping system.
5. Environmental impact: The environmental impact of a cropping system
is also an essential factor to consider. Assessing the use of pesticides,
fertilizers, and water can help to determine the environmental impact of
the cropping system.
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FARMING SYSTEM AND SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE
21
6. Social impact: The social impact of the cropping system should also be
evaluated. This includes factors such as labour requirements,
employment opportunities, and community participation.
In conclusion, the evaluation of a cropping system is essential to determine its
efficiency and effectiveness. By assessing factors such as yield, input-output
ratio, resource-use efficiency, soil health, environmental impact, and social
impact, farmers can make informed decisions to improve their cropping
systems and achieve sustainable agriculture.
рдЙрдирдХрд╛
рдореВ
?
рдпрд╛рдВрдХрди
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FARMING SYSTEM AND SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE
22
ALLIED ENTERPRISES AND THEIR
IMPORTANCE
ALLIED ENTERPRISES
Allied enterprises, also known as secondary or complementary activities, refer
to any non-crop or non-livestock activities that farmers can undertake
alongside their primary farming operations. These activities are an important
source of income diversification and can provide additional benefits such as
nutrient recycling, pest control, and waste management. Some examples of
allied enterprises are:
1. Agroforestry: Agroforestry is the practice of growing trees and crops
together on the same land. It can help to increase biodiversity, provide
shade and shelter for livestock, and improve soil fertility.
2. Horticulture: Horticulture refers to the cultivation of fruits, vegetables,
flowers, and ornamental plants. Horticulture can be a profitable
enterprise for small farmers, especially those in urban or peri-urban
areas.
3. Apiculture: Apiculture or beekeeping is the management of honeybee
colonies for honey production, pollination, and other products such as
beeswax, royal jelly, and propolis.
4. Fishery: Fishery involves the breeding, rearing, and harvesting of fish and
other aquatic animals. It can provide an additional source of protein and
income for farmers.
5. Dairy: Dairy farming involves the rearing of cattle or other milk-
producing animals for milk, butter, cheese, and other dairy products.
6. Poultry: Poultry farming involves the raising of domesticated birds such
as chickens, ducks, and turkeys for meat, eggs, and feathers.
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FARMING SYSTEM AND SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE
23
7. Vermicomposting: Vermicomposting is the process of composting
organic waste using earthworms. It can help to reduce waste, improve
soil fertility, and provide an additional source of income for farmers.
8. Renewable energy: Farmers can also generate energy from renewable
sources such as solar, wind, or biomass. This can reduce their
dependence on non-renewable energy sources and provide an
additional source of income.
In conclusion, allied enterprises can provide an additional source of income,
improve soil fertility, and increase biodiversity on farms. Farmers should
evaluate their local conditions, resources, and market demand before choosing
an enterprise to ensure its success and profitability.
рд╕рдВрдм
& рдЙямАрдо, рд┐рдЬ?рд╣? рд┐,рддреАрдпрдХ рдпрд╛
рдкреВрд░рдХ
рдЧрд┐рддрд┐рд╡рд┐рдзрдпL рдХреЗ Bрдк рдо? рднреА рдЬрд╛рдирд╛ рдЬрд╛рддрд╛ рд╣реИ, рд┐рдХрд╕реА рднреА рдЧреИрд░-рдлрд╕рд▓ рдпрд╛ рдЧреИрд░-
рдкрд╢реБрдзрди
Ishan Dewangan
FARMING SYSTEM AND SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE
24
рдЕрдВрдд
рдо?,
рд╕рдВрдм
& рдЙямАрдо рдЖрдп рдХрд╛ рдПрдХ рдЕрд┐рдд?рд░ реЛрдд ?рджрд╛рди рдХрд░ рд╕рдХрддреЗ рд╣?, рд┐рдореА рдХ? рдЙрд╡?рд░рддрд╛ рдо?
рд╕реБрдзрд╛рд░
рдХрд░ рд╕рдХрддреЗ рд╣?, рдФрд░
рдЦреЗрдд
L рдкрд░
рдЬреИрд╡ рд┐рд╡рд┐рд╡рдзрддрд╛ рдмреЭрд╛ рд╕рдХрддреЗ рд╣?ред рд┐рдХрд╕рд╛рдиL рдХреЛ рдЕрдкрдиреА рд╕рдлрд▓рддрд╛ рдФрд░ рд▓рд╛рдн?рджрддрд╛
рд╕реБрд┐рдирд┐
2рдд рдХрд░рдиреЗ рдХреЗ рд┐рд▓рдП рдЙямАрдо
рдЪреБрдирдиреЗ
рд╕реЗ рдкрд╣рд▓реЗ рдЕрдкрдиреА
?рдерд╛рдиреАрдп рд┐?рдерд┐рддрдпL,
рд╕рдВрд╕рд╛рдзрди
L рдФрд░ рдмрд╛рдЬрд╛рд░ рдХ?
рдорд╛рдВрдЧ
рдХрд╛
рдореВ
?
рдпрд╛рдВрдХрди
рдХрд░рдирд╛ рдЪрд╛рд┐рд╣рдПред
Importance
яГШ Allied enterprises, or secondary activities, are important for several
reasons:
яГШ Diversification of income: One of the primary benefits of allied
enterprises is that they provide an additional source of income for
farmers. This can be particularly important in areas where agricultural
production is subject to weather or market fluctuations.
яГШ Improved soil fertility: Some allied enterprises, such as agroforestry and
vermicomposting, can improve soil fertility and reduce soil erosion. This
can improve the productivity of agricultural crops and reduce the need
for synthetic fertilizers.
яГШ Pest management: Some allied enterprises, such as beekeeping and
fishery, can help to control pests and diseases in agricultural crops. For
example, bees can pollinate crops and help to control insect pests, while
fish can eat mosquito larvae and other insects.
яГШ Nutrient cycling: Allied enterprises such as dairy and poultry farming can
help to recycle nutrients in the farming system. Manure from livestock
can be used as fertilizer for crops, reducing the need for synthetic
fertilizers and improving soil health.
яГШ Increased biodiversity: Allied enterprises can help to increase
biodiversity on farms by providing habitats for different plant and animal
species. This can improve the resilience of the farming system and
provide additional benefits such as pollination and natural pest control.
яГШ Energy generation: Renewable energy enterprises such as solar or wind
power can help farmers to generate energy on their farms, reducing
their dependence on non-renewable energy sources and reducing their
carbon footprint.
рд╕рдВрдм
& рдЙямАрдо, рдпрд╛ рдорд╛?рдпрд┐рдордХ
рдЧрд┐рддрд┐рд╡рд┐рдзрдпрд╛рдВ
, рдХрдИ рдХрд╛рд░рдгL рд╕реЗ рдорд╣?
рд╡рдкреВрдг
? рд╣?:
яГШ рдЖрдп рдХрд╛ рд┐рд╡рд┐рд╡рдзреАрдХрд░рдг:
рд╕рдВрдм
& рдЙямАрдоL рдХреЗ ?рд╛рдерд┐рдордХ рд▓рд╛рднL рдо? рд╕реЗ рдПрдХ рдпрд╣ рд╣реИ рд┐рдХ рд╡реЗ рд┐рдХрд╕рд╛рдиL рдХреЗ рд┐рд▓рдП рдЖрдп рдХрд╛ рдПрдХ
рдЕрд┐рдд?рд░ реЛрдд ?рджрд╛рди рдХрд░рддреЗ рд╣?ред рдпрд╣ рдЙрди ?реЗ?L рдо? рд┐рд╡рд╢реЗрд╖ Bрдк рд╕реЗ рдорд╣?
рд╡рдкреВрдг
? рд╣реЛ рд╕рдХрддрд╛ рд╣реИ
рдЬрд╣рд╛рдВ
TOOLS FOR DETERMINING PRODUCTION
AND EFFICIENCIES IN CROPPING AND
FARMING SYSTEMS
There are several tools available for determining produc?on and eямГciencies in
cropping and farming systems. Here are some examples:
1. Yield monitors: Yield monitors are devices that measure the amount of
crop harvested per unit area. They can be used to track crop yields over
time and across different parts of a field, allowing farmers to identify
areas with lower yields and make adjustments to improve productivity.
2. Soil testing: Soil testing can help farmers to determine the nutrient
levels and pH of their soils, allowing them to make informed decisions
about fertilization and soil amendments. This can improve crop yields
and reduce the risk of nutrient imbalances.
3. Crop simulation models: Crop simulation models use data on weather,
soil, and crop management practices to predict crop yields and identify
Ishan Dewangan
FARMING SYSTEM AND SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE
26
areas for improvement. These models can help farmers to optimize their
crop management strategies and improve overall productivity.
4. Water use efficiency tools: Water use efficiency tools can help farmers
to track their water use and identify areas for improvement. These tools
can also help farmers to identify irrigation systems and practices that
use water more efficiently.
5. Economic analysis tools: Economic analysis tools can help farmers to
evaluate the profitability of different cropping and farming systems.
These tools can help farmers to make informed decisions about crop
selection, inputs, and management practices.
6. Remote sensing: Remote sensing technologies can provide valuable
information about crop health and growth. Satellite imagery, for
example, can be used to identify areas of stress or low productivity in a
field, allowing farmers to target their management practices more
effectively.
In summary, tools for determining production and efficiencies in cropping and
farming systems include yield monitors, soil testing, crop simulation models,
water use efficiency tools, economic analysis tools, and remote sensing
technologies. By using these tools, farmers can make more informed decisions
about their crop and farm management practices, improving productivity, and
sustainability.
рдлрд╕рд▓ рдФрд░
рдХреГрд┐рд╖
?рдгрд╛рд┐рд▓рдпL рдо? рдЙ?рдкрд╛рджрди рдФрд░ ?рдорддрд╛ рд┐рдирдзрд╛??рд░рдд рдХрд░рдиреЗ рдХреЗ рд┐рд▓рдП рдХрдИ рдЙрдкрдХрд░рдг рдЙрдкрд▓?рдз рд╣?ред рдпрд╣рд╛рдБ
рдХреБрдЫ
рдЙрджрд╛рд╣рд░рдг рд┐рджрдП
рдЧрдП рд╣?:
1. рдЙрдкрдЬ рдореЙрд┐рдирдЯрд░: рдЙрдкрдЬ рдореЙрд┐рдирдЯрд░ рдРрд╕реЗ рдЙрдкрдХрд░рдг рд╣? рдЬреЛ ?рд┐рдд рдЗрдХрд╛рдИ ?реЗ? рдо? рдХрд╛рдЯреА рдЧрдИ рдлрд╕рд▓ рдХ? рдорд╛?рд╛ рдХреЛ рдорд╛рдкрддреЗ рд╣?ред рдЙрдирдХрд╛
рдЙрдкрдпреЛрдЧ рд╕рдордп рдХреЗ рд╕рд╛рде рдФрд░ рдЦреЗрдд рдХреЗ рд┐рд╡рд┐рдн?рди рд┐рд╣?рд╕L рдо? рдлрд╕рд▓ рдХ? рдкреИрджрд╛рд╡рд╛рд░ рдХреЛ lреИрдХ рдХрд░рдиреЗ рдХреЗ рд┐рд▓рдП рд┐рдХрдпрд╛ рдЬрд╛ рд╕рдХрддрд╛ рд╣реИ,
рд┐рдЬрд╕рд╕реЗ рд┐рдХрд╕рд╛рдиL рдХреЛ рдХрдо рдкреИрджрд╛рд╡рд╛рд░ рд╡рд╛рд▓реЗ ?реЗ?L рдХ? рдкрд╣рдЪрд╛рди рдХрд░рдиреЗ рдФрд░ рдЙ?рдкрд╛рджрдХрддрд╛ рдо?
рд╕реБрдзрд╛рд░
рдХреЗ рд┐рд▓рдП рд╕рдорд╛рдпреЛрдЬрди рдХрд░рдиреЗ
рдХ?
рдЕрдиреБрдорд┐рдд
рд┐рдорд▓рддреА
рд╣реИред
SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE тАУ PROBLEMS
AND ITS IMPACT, INDICATORS OF
SUSTAINABILITY, ADAPTATION AND
MITIGATION, CONSERVATION
AGRICULTURE STRATEGIES, HEIA, LEIA,
LEISA AND ITS TECHNIQUES FOR
SUSTAINABILITY
Sustainable Agriculture is the successful management of resources for
agriculture to satisfy the changing human needs, while maintaining or
enhancing the quality of environment and conserving natural resources.
рд╕рддрдд
рдХреГрд┐рд╖
рдкрдпрд╛?рд╡рд░рдг рдХ?
рдЧреБрдгрд╡
?рд╛ рдХреЛ рдмрдирд╛рдП рд░рдЦрдиреЗ рдпрд╛ рдмреЭрд╛рдиреЗ рдФрд░ ?
рд╛рдХреГрд┐рддрдХ
Indicators of Agricultural Sustainability
яГШ Indicators help us to iden?fy, quan?fy and evaluate the eямАects of
agriculture
яГШ They provide us a means of measuring the economic, social and
environmental impacts of agriculture and to help assess the
eямАec?veness of policies and sustainability of the sector.
яГШ
рд╕рдВрдХреЗрддрдХ
рд╣рдо?
рдХреГрд┐рд╖
рдХреЗ ?рднрд╛рд╡L рдХ? рдкрд╣рдЪрд╛рди, рдорд╛?рд╛ рдФрд░
рдореВ
?
рдпрд╛рдВрдХрди
рдХрд░рдиреЗ рдо? рдорджрдж рдХрд░рддреЗ рд╣?ред
яГШ рд╡реЗ рд╣рдо?
рдХреГрд┐рд╖
рдХреЗ рдЖрд┐рде?рдХ, рд╕рд╛рдорд╛рд┐рдЬрдХ рдФрд░ рдкрдпрд╛?рд╡рд░рдгреАрдп ?рднрд╛рд╡L рдХреЛ рдорд╛рдкрдиреЗ рдФрд░ рдЗрд╕ реЭреЗ? рдХ? рдиреАрд┐рддрдпL рдФрд░ рд┐?рдерд░рддрд╛ рдХ?
?рднрд╛рд╡рд╢реАрд▓рддрд╛ рдХрд╛ рдЖрдХрд▓рди рдХрд░рдиреЗ рдо? рдорджрдж рдХрд░рдиреЗ рдХрд╛ рдПрдХ рд╕рд╛рдзрди ?рджрд╛рди рдХрд░рддреЗ рд╣?ред
Ishan Dewangan
FARMING SYSTEM AND SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE
29
Adaptation
Adaptation involves making changes to agricultural practices and systems in
response to changing climatic conditions.
Adaptation agriculture strategies are practices that farmers can implement to
cope with and adapt to the impacts of climate change on agriculture. These
strategies aim to increase the resilience of agricultural systems, protect crops
from extreme weather events, and maintain productivity in the face of
changing climate conditions. Here are some key adaptation agriculture
strategies:
1. Crop diversification: Farmers can diversify their crops by growing a mix
of crops that are better adapted to local conditions, are more resilient to
climate change impacts, and have different growing seasons. This can
help to spread risk and maintain productivity even if one crop fails due
to extreme weather events.
2. Soil conservation: Conservation practices such as minimum tillage,
cover cropping, and crop rotation can help to improve soil health and
fertility, reduce soil erosion, and increase soil moisture retention. This
can help crops to better withstand drought and other extreme weather
events.
3. Water management: Efficient water use and conservation practices can
help to ensure that crops have adequate water during periods of
drought or water scarcity. Practices such as rainwater harvesting, drip
irrigation, and water recycling can help to conserve water resources and
maintain crop productivity.
4. Improved pest and disease management: Changing climatic conditions
can lead to new pest and disease pressures. Farmers can
implement integrated pest management practices to reduce the
impacts of pests and diseases on crop yields.
5. Improved livestock management: Climate change can also impact
livestock production by reducing feed and water availability and
increasing heat stress. Farmers can implement improved livestock
management practices, such as shade provision and better feed
management, to help reduce these impacts.
6. Climate-resilient seed varieties: The development and adoption of
climate-resilient seed varieties that are better adapted to changing
climate conditions can help to maintain crop yields and protect against
the impacts of climate change.
Overall, adaptation agriculture strategies are essential for building resilience in
agriculture and ensuring that farmers can continue to produce food and other
Ishan Dewangan
FARMING SYSTEM AND SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE
30
agricultural products in the face of changing climate conditions. By
implementing these strategies, farmers can better cope with extreme weather
events, reduce their vulnerability to climate change impacts, and maintain
agricultural productivity and livelihoods.
рдЕрдиреБрдХреВрд▓рди
рдо? рдмрджрд▓рддреА
рдЬрд▓рд╡рд╛рдпреБ
рдк?рд░рд┐?рдерд┐рддрдпL рдХреЗ рдЬрд╡рд╛рдм рдо?
рдХреГрд┐рд╖
?
рдерд╛рдУрдВ
рдФрд░ ?рдгрд╛рд┐рд▓рдпL рдо? рдмрджрд▓рд╛рд╡ рдХрд░рдирд╛ рд╢рд╛рд┐рдорд▓
рд╣реИред
рдЕрдиреБрдХреВрд▓рди
рдЙ?рдкрд╛рджрдХрддрд╛ рдФрд░ рдЖрдЬреАрд┐рд╡рдХрд╛ рдмрдирд╛рдП рд░рдЦ рд╕рдХрддреЗ рд╣?ред
Mitigation
Mitigation agriculture strategies aim to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and
promote carbon sequestration to mitigate the effects of climate change. These
strategies include:
1. Conservation tillage: This involves minimum or zero tillage of the soil to
reduce carbon emissions from plowing and cultivation, promote soil
conservation, and improve soil health.
2. Crop rotation: This strategy involves rotating different crops on the
same field to reduce soil erosion, improve soil fertility, and control pests
and diseases. Crop rotation also helps to reduce greenhouse gas
emissions and improve the carbon content of the soil.
3. Agroforestry: This involves growing trees, shrubs, or other perennial
crops alongside annual crops to provide shade, reduce soil erosion, and
promote carbon sequestration.
4. Integrated Pest Management (IPM): IPM involves using a combination
of cultural, biological, and chemical controls to manage pests and
diseases in a sustainable manner. This reduces the use of synthetic
pesticides, which can contribute to greenhouse gas emissions.
5. Precision farming: This involves using technology such as GPS, sensors,
and drones to optimize the use of inputs such as water, fertilizer, and
pesticides, and to reduce waste and emissions.
6. Improved livestock management: This involves using better feed,
breeding, and management practices to reduce the emissions of
methane, a potent greenhouse gas, from livestock.
Overall, mitigation agriculture strategies aim to reduce the carbon footprint of
agriculture and increase carbon sequestration in the soil, thereby contributing
to the global effort to mitigate the effects of climate change.
рд╢рдорди
рдХреГрд┐рд╖
рд░рдгрдиреАрд┐рддрдпL рдХрд╛ рдЙ%реЗ?рдп ?реАрдирд╣рд╛рдЙрд╕ рдЧреИрд╕ рдЙ?рд╕рдЬ?рди рдХреЛ рдХрдо рдХрд░рдирд╛ рдФрд░
рдЬрд▓рд╡рд╛рдпреБ
рдк?рд░рд╡рдд?рди рдХреЗ
?рднрд╛рд╡L рдХреЛ рдХрдо рдХрд░рдиреЗ рдХреЗ рд┐рд▓рдП рдХрд╛рдм?рди
рдкреГрде
?рдХрд░рдг рдХреЛ рдмреЭрд╛рд╡рд╛
рджреЗрдирд╛
CONSERVATION AGRICULTURE STRATEGIES IN
AGRICULTURE
Conservation agriculture is a set of sustainable agriculture strategies that can
help to both adapt to and mitigate climate change impacts. Here are some
key conservation agriculture strategies:
1. Minimum tillage: Minimum tillage involves reducing the amount of soil
disturbance during planting and harvesting. This can help to reduce soil
erosion, increase soil organic matter content, and improve soil structure.
2. Crop rotation: Crop rotation involves alternating crops on the same
piece of land over time. This can help to reduce soil-borne diseases,
improve soil fertility, and reduce the need for synthetic fertilizers and
pesticides.
3. Cover cropping: Cover cropping involves planting non-cash crops during
fallow periods to improve soil health and nutrient cycling. Cover crops
can also help to reduce soil erosion and provide a habitat for beneficial
insects.
Ishan Dewangan
FARMING SYSTEM AND SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE
33
4. Agroforestry: Agroforestry involves integrating trees into agricultural
landscapes to provide shade, wind protection, and soil stabilization.
Trees can also sequester carbon, improve soil fertility, and provide
additional income streams for farmers.
5. Integrated pest management: Integrated pest management involves
using a range of strategies to manage pests, including biological control,
cultural control, and chemical control. This can help to reduce the use of
synthetic pesticides and reduce the impacts of pests on crop yields.
Overall, conservation agriculture strategies can help to promote sustainable
and resilient agricultural systems that are better able to adapt to and mitigate
the impacts of climate change. By reducing greenhouse gas emissions,
improving soil health, and promoting biodiversity, these strategies can help to
maintain productive and healthy agricultural landscapes for generations to
come.
рд╕рдВрд░
?рдг
рдХреГрд┐рд╖
рд┐рдЯрдХрд╛рдК
рдХреГрд┐рд╖
рд░рдгрдиреАрд┐рддрдпL рдХрд╛ рдПрдХ рд╕реЗрдЯ рд╣реИ рдЬреЛ
рдЬрд▓рд╡рд╛рдпреБ
рдк?рд░рд╡рдд?рди рдХреЗ ?рднрд╛рд╡L рдХреЛ
рдЕрдиреБрдХреВрд┐рд▓рдд
CONSERVATION AGRICULTURE
PRINCIPLES:-
яГШ Con?nuous minimum mechanical soil disturbance.
яГШ Permanent organic soil cover.
яГШ DiversiямБed crop rota?ons in case of annual crops or plant associa?ons in
perennial crop.
яГШ
рд┐рдирд░рдВрддрд░
?
рдпреВрдирддрдо
рдпрд╛рдВрд┐
?рдХ рд┐рдореА рдХ? рдЧреЬрдмреЬреАред
яГШ ?рдерд╛рдпреА рдЬреИрд┐рд╡рдХ рд┐рдореА рдХрд╡рд░ред
яГШ рдмрд╛рд░рд╣рдорд╛рд╕реА рдлрд╕рд▓ рдо? рд╡рд╛рд┐рд╖?рдХ рдлрд╕рд▓L рдпрд╛ рдкреМрдзL рдХреЗ
рд╕рдВрдШ
L рдХреЗ рдорд╛рдорд▓реЗ рдо? рд┐рд╡рд┐рд╡рдз рдлрд╕рд▓ рд░реЛрдЯреЗрд╢рдиред
CONCEPT:-
яГШ Excessive ?llage degrades soil in long run.
яГШ If soil is not ?lled for many years produce a layer of mulch.
яГШ This favours biological ?llage.
яГШ This may increase weed and pest infesta?on.
яГШ To break the chain of infec?on crop rota?ons are adopted in CA
addi?onally helps as biological pumps.
яГШ рдЕ?рдпрд┐рдзрдХ
рдЬреБрддрд╛рдИ
Use in-situ organics/composts
рдЗрди-
рд╕реАрдЯреВ
рдСрдЧ6?рди?рд╕ /рдЦрд╛рдж рдХрд╛ рдЙрдкрдпреЛрдЧ
рдХрд░E
Ishan Dewangan
FARMING SYSTEM AND SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE
37
HEIA, LEIA, LEISA AND ITS TECHNIQUE FOR
SUSTAINABILITY
High External Input Agriculture (HEIA)
яГШ Limita?on in per capita land availability is due to increasing popula?on.
яГШ To confront this pressure of world popula?on explosion we are
compelled to join a revolu?on тАЬGreen revolu?onтАЭ.
яГШ This revolu?on aims at more harvest per unit area and intensiямБca?on of
number of cul?va?on seasons . Green revolu?on prac?ces
яГШ Use High yielding hybrid seeds
яГШ Suscep?ble to pests and diseases
яГШ Increased use of synthe?c pes?cides and herbicides
яГШ More use of nutrients
яГШ Improved irriga?on facili?es
яГШ Labour intensive
яГШ Mechaniza?on of Agriculture
яГШ ?рд┐рдд ?рдпрд┐
рднреВрд┐рдо
рдЙрдкрд▓?рдзрддрд╛ рдо? рдХрдореА рдмреЭрддреА
рдЬрдирд╕рдВ
?рдпрд╛ рдХреЗ рдХрд╛рд░рдг
рд╣реИред
ADVANTAGES
яГШ Agricultural produc?on could be rapidly increased to meet the demand
for food for increasing popula?on.
яГШ Malnutri?on problem was eямГciently managed.
яГШ New improved varie?es gave yields within a short period of ?me.
яГШ Mechaniza?on solves the problem of labour shortage.
Ishan Dewangan
FARMING SYSTEM AND SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE
38
яГШ Income and proямБt margins of the products were increased.
яГШ Produc?vity of land increased.
яГШ Increased market facili?es for produc?on
яГШ рдмреЭрддреА
рдЬрдирд╕рдВ
?рдпрд╛ рдХреЗ рд┐рд▓рдП рднреЛрдЬрди рдХ?
рдорд╛рдВрдЧ
рдХреЛ
рдкреВрд░рд╛
рдХрд░рдиреЗ рдХреЗ рд┐рд▓рдП
рдХреГрд┐рд╖
рдЙ?рдкрд╛рджрди рдХреЛ рддреЗрдЬреА рд╕реЗ рдмреЭрд╛рдпрд╛ рдЬрд╛
рд╕рдХрддрд╛
рд╣реИред
DISADVANTAGES
яГШ Collapse of environmental balance due to lack of bio-diversity by
plan?ng a few cash crops.
яГШ Increase in soil erosion due to constant furrowing by machinery.
яГШ Dependence on imported machinery, chemical fer?lizer, pes?cides,
hybrid seeds and other inputs.
яГШ Extensive use of pes?cides disturbed the natural mechanism of
controlling pest and diseases as the ar?ямБcial pes?cides kill both pests
and their natural enemies.
яГШ Although the need for high capital investment, large scale farmers
beneямБted while small scale farmers who were short of capital ran into
debt.
яГШ Use of ar?ямБcial agro-chemicals adversely aямАected the soil pH, CEC, soil
structure, soil texture and soil organisms.
яГШ Tradi?onal varie?es of seeds and their gene?c resources faced ex?nc?on
due to introduc?on of hybrid varie?es.
яГШ
рдХреБрдЫ
рдирдХрджреА рдлрд╕рд▓L рдХреЛ рд▓рдЧрд╛рдиреЗ рд╕реЗ рдЬреИрд╡-рд┐рд╡рд┐рд╡рдзрддрд╛ рдХ? рдХрдореА рдХреЗ рдХрд╛рд░рдг рдкрдпрд╛?рд╡рд░рдг
рд╕рдВрддреБрд▓рди
рдХрд╛ рдкрддрдиред
яГШ рдорд╢реАрдирд░реА ,рд╛рд░рд╛
рд┐рдирд░рдВрддрд░
рдХрдЯрд╛рд╡ рдХреЗ рдХрд╛рд░рдг
рдореГрджрд╛
рдЕрдкрд░рджрди рдо?
рд╡реГрд┐
&ред
яГШ рдЖрдпрд╛рд┐рддрдд рдорд╢реАрдирд░реА, рд░рд╛рд╕рд╛рдпрд┐рдирдХ рдЙрд╡?рд░рдХ, рдХ?рдЯрдирд╛рд╢рдХL,
рд╕рдВрдХрд░
рдмреАрдЬL рдФрд░ рдЕ?рдп рдЖрджрд╛рдиL рдкрд░ рд┐рдирдн?рд░рддрд╛ред
яГШ рдХ?рдЯрдирд╛рд╢рдХL рдХреЗ ?рдпрд╛рдкрдХ рдЙрдкрдпреЛрдЧ рдиреЗ рдХ?рдЯ рдФрд░ рд░реЛрдЧL рдХреЛ
рд┐рдирдпрдВрд┐
?рдд рдХрд░рдиреЗ рдХреЗ ?
рд╛рдХреГрд┐рддрдХ
рд╕рдВрд╕рд╛рдзрди
L рдХреЛ
рд┐рд╡рд▓реБ
ямБ рд╣реЛрдиреЗ рдХрд╛ рд╕рд╛рдордирд╛ рдХрд░рдирд╛ рдкреЬрд╛ред
(LOW EXTERNAL INPUT AGRICULTURE) LEIA
яГШ It is deямБned as a produc?on ac?vity that uses synthe?c fer?lizers or
other agro-chemicals below rates commonly recommended
яГШ It does not mean elimina?on of these materials but yields are
maintained by greater emphasis on cultural prac?ces, IPM and u?liza?on
of on-farm resources
яГШ It includes maximum u?liza?on of local resource with less dependency
on external inputs for agricultural produc?on
яГШ рдЗрд╕реЗ рдПрдХ рдЙ?рдкрд╛рджрди рдЧрд┐рддрд┐рд╡рд┐рдз рдХреЗ Bрдк рдо? рдк?рд░рднрд╛рд┐рд╖рдд рд┐рдХрдпрд╛ рдЧрдпрд╛ рд╣реИ рдЬреЛ рдЖрдорддреМрд░ рдкрд░
рдЕрдиреБрд╢рдВрд┐рд╕рдд
рджрд░L рд╕реЗ рдХрдо
рд┐рд╕рдВрдереЗрд┐рдЯрдХ
рдЙрд╡?рд░рдХL рдпрд╛ рдЕ?рдп
рдХреГрд┐рд╖
-рд░рд╕рд╛рдпрдиL рдХрд╛ рдЙрдкрдпреЛрдЧ рдХрд░рддрд╛ рд╣реИ
яГШ рдЗрд╕рдХрд╛ рдорддрд▓рдм рдЗрди рд╕рд╛рдорд┐?рдпL рдХрд╛ рдЙ?
рдореВрд▓рди
рдирд╣? рд╣реИ, рд▓реЗрд┐рдХрди рдкреИрджрд╛рд╡рд╛рд░
рд╕рд╛рдВ
?
рдХреГрд┐рддрдХ
?
рдерд╛рдУрдВ
, рдЖрдИрдкреАрдПрдо рдФрд░
рдСрди-рдлрд╛рдо?
рд╕рдВрд╕рд╛рдзрди
L рдХреЗ рдЙрдкрдпреЛрдЧ рдкрд░ рдЕрд┐рдзрдХ рдЬреЛрд░
рджреЗрдХрд░
рдмрдирд╛рдП рд░рдЦреА рдЬрд╛рддреА рд╣реИ
яГШ рдЗрд╕рдо?
рдХреГрд┐рд╖
рдЙ?рдкрд╛рджрди рдХреЗ рд┐рд▓рдП рдмрд╛рд╣рд░реА рдЖрджрд╛рдиL рдкрд░ рдХрдо рд┐рдирдн?рд░рддрд╛ рдХреЗ рд╕рд╛рде ?рдерд╛рдиреАрдп
рд╕рдВрд╕рд╛рдзрди
рдХрд╛ рдЕрд┐рдзрдХрддрдо
рдЙрдкрдпреЛрдЧ рд╢рд╛рд┐рдорд▓ рд╣реИ
LOW EXTERNAL INPUT AND SUSTAINABLE
AGRICULTURE (LEISA)
яГШ It relies mostly on the inputs from local farm, village or region and
deliberate ac?on is taken to ensure sustainability
яГШ The objec?ve of LEISA is to maintain the agricultural produc?on at an
op?mum level using less external inputs in eco-friendly environment
яГШ рдпрд╣ ?рдпрд╛рджрд╛рддрд░ ?рдерд╛рдиреАрдп рдЦреЗрдд,
рдЧрд╛рдВрд╡
рдпрд╛ ?реЗ? рд╕реЗ
рдЗрдирдкреБрдЯ
рдкрд░ рд┐рдирдн?рд░ рдХрд░рддрд╛ рд╣реИ рдФрд░ рд┐?рдерд░рддрд╛
рд╕реБрд┐рдирд┐
2рдд рдХрд░рдиреЗ рдХреЗ
рд┐рд▓рдП
рдЬрд╛рдирдмреВрдЭрдХрд░
рдХрд╛рд░?рд╡рд╛рдИ рдХ? рдЬрд╛рддреА рд╣реИ
яГШ LEISA рдХрд╛ рдЙ%реЗ?рдп рдкрдпрд╛?рд╡рд░рдг рдХреЗ
рдЕрдиреБрдХреВрд▓
рд╡рд╛рддрд╛рд╡рд░рдг рдо? рдХрдо рдмрд╛рд╣рд░реА рдЖрджрд╛рдиL рдХрд╛ рдЙрдкрдпреЛрдЧ рдХрд░рдХреЗ
рдЗ6рддрдо ?рддрд░ рдкрд░
рдХреГрд┐рд╖
рдЙ?рдкрд╛рджрди рдХреЛ рдмрдирд╛рдП рд░рдЦрдирд╛ рд╣реИ
Ishan Dewangan
FARMING SYSTEM AND SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE
40
FACTORS AFFECTING LEISA:-
яГШ Maintaining a living soil
яГШ Crea?ng Bio-diversity
яГШ Recycling of resources
яГШ Natural pest management
яГШ рдПрдХ рдЬреАрд┐рд╡рдд рд┐рдореА рдХреЛ рдмрдирд╛рдП рд░рдЦрдирд╛
яГШ рдЬреИрд╡-рд┐рд╡рд┐рд╡рдзрддрд╛ рдХрд╛ рд┐рдирдорд╛?рдг
яГШ
рд╕рдВрд╕рд╛рдзрди
L рдХрд╛
рдкреБрдирдЪ
??рдг
яГШ ?
рд╛рдХреГрд┐рддрдХ
рдХ?рдЯ ?
рдмрдВрдзрди
Ishan Dewangan
FARMING SYSTEM AND SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE
41
Integrated Farming System historical
background, objectives and
characteristics, components of IFS
and its advantages
DEFINITION
яГШ It is deямБned as a new type of system in which mul?ple agricultural
produc?ons and development are guided, organized and managed in the
light of ecologicaleconomic principles and by using the system
engineering approach
яГШ IFS works as a system of systems. It ensures that waste from one ямБrm
become a resource for another ямБrm
яГШ рдЗрд╕реЗ рдПрдХ рдирдП ?рдХрд╛рд░ рдХ? ?рдгрд╛рд▓реА рдХреЗ Bрдк рдо? рдк?рд░рднрд╛рд┐рд╖рдд рд┐рдХрдпрд╛ рдЧрдпрд╛ рд╣реИ рд┐рдЬрд╕рдо? рдкрд╛?рд░рд┐?рдерд┐рддрдХ рдЖрд┐рде?рдХ рд┐рд╕&
рд╛рдВрдд
L
рдХреЗ ?рдХрд╛рд╢ рдо? рдФрд░ рд┐рд╕?рдЯрдо
рдЗрдВрдЬреАрд┐рдирдп
?
рд░рдВрдЧ
@рд┐6рдХреЛрдг рдХрд╛ рдЙрдкрдпреЛрдЧ рдХрд░рдХреЗ рдХрдИ
рдХреГрд┐рд╖
??
рддреБрд┐рддрдп
L рдФрд░ рд┐рд╡рдХрд╛рд╕
рдХреЛ рд┐рдирдж?рд┐рд╢рдд,
рд╕рдВрдЧрд┐рдардд
рдФрд░ ?
рдмрдВрд┐рдзрдд
рд┐рдХрдпрд╛ рдЬрд╛рддрд╛ рд╣реИ
яГШ IFS рд┐рд╕?рдЯрдо рдХ? рдПрдХ ?рдгрд╛рд▓реА рдХреЗ Bрдк рдо? рдХрд╛рдо рдХрд░рддрд╛
рд╣реИред
рдпрд╣
рд╕реБрд┐рдирд┐
2рдд рдХрд░рддрд╛ рд╣реИ рд┐рдХ рдПрдХ рдлрдо? рд╕реЗ рдЕрдкрд┐рд╢6
рджреВрд╕рд░реА
рдлрдо? рдХреЗ рд┐рд▓рдП рдПрдХ
рд╕рдВрд╕рд╛рдзрди
рдмрди рдЬрд╛рдП
OBJECTIVES
яГШ To iden?fy exis?ng farming systems in speciямБc areas and access their
rela?ve viability
яГШ To formulate farming system models involving main and allied
enterprises for diямАerent farming situa?ons.
яГШ To ensure op?onal u?liza?on and conserva?on of available resources
and eямАec?ve recycling of farm residues within system
яГШ To raise overall proямБtability of farm household by complemen?ng
main/allied enterprises with other.
яГШ рд┐рд╡рд┐рд╢6 ?реЗ?L рдо?
рдореМрдЬреВрджрд╛
ADVANTAGE
яГШ Produc?vity: - IFS provides an opportunity to increase economic yield per
unit area per unit ?me by intensiямБca?on of crop and allied enterprises.
Time concept by crop intensiямБca?on and space concept by building up of
ver?cal dimension through crops and allied enterprises are the ways to
increase the produc?vity indicated above.
яГШ ProямБtability: the system as a whole provides opportunity to make use of
the produce /waste materials of one component on another component
at least cost. Thus there is reduc?on in cost of produc?on of the
component
яГШ Poten?ality: in IFS, organic supplementa?on through eямАec?ve u?liza?on
of byproducts of linked components is done thus providing an opportunity
to sustain the poten?ality of produc?on base for much longer period.
яГШ Balanced food- in IFS, we link components of varied nature enabling to
produce diямАerent sources of nutri?on from same unit rea. This will provide
n opportunity to solve the malnutri?on problem that exists in the diet of
average Indian.
яГШ Environmental safety- In IFS, we use waste material as organic source in
diямАerent component, decrease the applica?on of herbicide and pes?cide.
Thus IFS greatly reduces environmental pollu?on.
яГШ Recycling- IFS establishes its stability due to eямАec?ve recycling of produces
or waste materials at the farm level, thus reducing the cost of cul?va?on
also.
яГШ Income round the year- IFS provides ямВow of money to the farmer round
the year by way of disposal of egg, milk, mushroom, and honey .this will
help the resource poor farmers to get away from the clutches of money
lenders.
яГШ Adop?on of new technologies- availability of money round the year gives
an opportunity to the small and marginal farmers to go for the adop?on
of technologies.
яГШ Mee?ng fodder crisis- growing of perennial fodder crops in the border and
water course is a recommended prac?ce in IFS. This helps in enrichment
of soil and supplementa?on of fodder.
Ishan Dewangan
FARMING SYSTEM AND SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE
43
яГШ Solving fuel and ?mber crisis- In IFS, linking agroforestry appropriately, the
produc?on level of fuel and ?mber can be enhanced without detrimental
eямАect on crop ac?vity in the ямБeld level.
яГШ Employment genera?on- combining crop with livestock enterprises would
increase the labour requirement signiямБcantly and would help in reducing
the problem of under employment to a great extent. IFS provide enough
scope to employ family labour round the year.
яГШ Agro industries- when once the produce of diямАerent components linked in
IFS are increased to commercial level there will be surplus for value
addi?on leading to then development of allied agro-industries.
яГШ Increasing input eямГciency- IFS provides good scope to use the inputs in
diямАerent components very eямАec?vely lading to greater eямГciency and
beneямБts cost ra?o.
яГШ Increasing standard of living- higher income as well as availability of
diямАerent produce for family consump?on, it increases the standard of
living.
яГШ рдЙ?рдкрд╛рджрдХрддрд╛:- рдЖрдИрдПрдлрдПрд╕ рдлрд╕рд▓ рдФрд░
рд╕рдВрдм
& рдЙямАрдоL рдХ? рддреАрддрд╛ ,рд╛рд░рд╛ ?рд┐рдд рдЗрдХрд╛рдИ ?реЗ? ?рд┐рдд рдЗрдХрд╛рдИ рд╕рдордп
рдЖрд┐рде?рдХ рдЙрдкрдЬ рдмреЭрд╛рдиреЗ рдХрд╛ рдЕрд╡рд╕рд░ ?рджрд╛рди рдХрд░рддрд╛
рд╣реИред
рдлрд╕рд▓L рдФрд░
рд╕рдВрдм
& рдЙямАрдоL рдХреЗ рдорд╛?рдпрдо рд╕реЗ рдК?рд╡рд╛?рдзрд░
рдЖрдпрд╛рдо рдХрд╛ рд┐рдирдорд╛?рдг рдХрд░рдХреЗ рдлрд╕рд▓ рдЧрд╣рдирддрд╛ ,рд╛рд░рд╛ рд╕рдордп рдЕрд╡рдзрд╛рд░рдгрд╛ рдФрд░
рдЕрдВрдд
?рд░? рдЕрд╡рдзрд╛рд░рдгрд╛ рдКрдкрд░
рдЙрд┐?рд▓рд┐рдЦрдд рдЙ?рдкрд╛рджрдХрддрд╛ рдмреЭрд╛рдиреЗ рдХреЗ рддрд░реАрдХреЗ рд╣?ред
яГШ рд▓рд╛рдн?рджрддрд╛: рдПрдХ
рдкреВрд░реЗ
рдХреЗ Bрдк рдо? ?рдгрд╛рд▓реА рдХрдо рд╕реЗ рдХрдо рд▓рд╛рдЧрдд рдкрд░
рджреВрд╕рд░реЗ
рдШрдЯрдХ рдкрд░ рдПрдХ рдШрдЯрдХ рдХ? рдЙрдкрдЬ /
рдЕрдкрд┐рд╢6 рд╕рд╛рдо?реА рдХрд╛ рдЙрдкрдпреЛрдЧ рдХрд░рдиреЗ рдХрд╛ рдЕрд╡рд╕рд░ ?рджрд╛рди рдХрд░рддреА
рд╣реИред
рдЗрд╕ ?рдХрд╛рд░ рдШрдЯрдХ рдХреЗ рдЙ?рдкрд╛рджрди рдХ? рд▓рд╛рдЧрдд
рдо? рдХрдореА рдЖрддреА рд╣реИ
яГШ ?рдорддрд╛: рдЖрдИрдПрдлрдПрд╕ рдо?,
рдЬреБреЬреЗ
рдШрдЯрдХL рдХреЗ рдЙрдкреЛ?рдкрд╛рджL рдХреЗ ?рднрд╛рд╡реА рдЙрдкрдпреЛрдЧ рдХреЗ рдорд╛?рдпрдо рд╕реЗ рдЬреИрд┐рд╡рдХ
рдкреВрд░рдХ
рд┐рдХрдпрд╛
рдЬрд╛рддрд╛ рд╣реИ, рдЗрд╕ ?рдХрд╛рд░ рдЙ?рдкрд╛рджрди рдЖрдзрд╛рд░ рдХ? ?рдорддрд╛ рдХреЛ
рд▓рдВрдмреЗ
рд╕рдордп рддрдХ рдмрдирд╛рдП рд░рдЦрдиреЗ рдХрд╛ рдЕрд╡рд╕рд░ ?рджрд╛рди рд┐рдХрдпрд╛
рдЬрд╛рддрд╛
рд╣реИред
Ishan Dewangan
FARMING SYSTEM AND SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE
45
яГШ Crop component- cereals, pulses, oilseeds etc.
яГШ Animal component- Ca?le, goat, sheep etc.
яГШ Homestead farming- Bio-gas, grinding and spli?ng of pulses etc.
яГШ рдлрд╕рд▓ рдШрдЯрдХ- рдЕрдирд╛рдЬ, рджрд▓рд╣рди, рд┐рддрд▓рд╣рди рдЖрд┐рджред
яГШ
рдкрд╢реБ
рдШрдЯрдХ- рдорд╡реЗрд╢реА, рдмрдХрд░реА, рднреЗреЬ рдЖрд┐рджред
яГШ
рд╡рд╛рд╕рднреВрд┐рдо
рдЦреЗрддреА- рдмрд╛рдпреЛ-рдЧреИрд╕, рджрд╛рд▓L рдХреЛ рдкреАрд╕рдирд╛ рдФрд░ рд┐рд╡рднрд╛рд┐рдЬрдд рдХрд░рдирд╛ рдЖрд┐рджред
Ishan Dewangan
FARMING SYSTEM AND SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE
46
SITE SPECIFIC DEVELOPMENT OF IFS
MODEL FOR DIFFERENT AGRO-
CLIMATIC ZONES, RESOURCE USE
EFFICIENCY AND OPTIMIZATION
TECHNIQUES
DiямАerent IFS models for diямАerent Agro тАУclima?c zones
1. High al?tude cold deserts: Pastures with forestry, goats, angora rabbits
and limited se?led agricultural crops like millets, wheat, barley and
fodder.
2. Arid and desert region: Centering mainly in animal husbandary with the
camels, sheep and goat with moderate cropping components involving
pearl millet, wheat, pulses and fodder
3. Western and central Himalayas: Hor?cultural crops as major
component have less intensive agriculture mainly on the hill terraces and
slopes with maize, rice, wheat, pulses and fodder crops
4. Eastern Himalayas: Primi?ve crop husbandary with rice, millets, pulses
etc. Agro-forestry system is also common. Piggery and poultry are the
chief livestock ac?vity.
5. Indo- Gange?c plains: Intensive crop husbandary involving rice, wheat,
maize, mustard, pulses and livestock inclusive of diary ca?le and buямАaloes
Ishan Dewangan
FARMING SYSTEM AND SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE
47
6. Central and southern highlands: Co?on, sorghum, millet, pulses with
diary ca?le, sheep and goats and poultry are the secondary livestock and
animal husbandary enterprises
7. Western Ghats: Major ac?vity on planta?on crops, cul?va?on of rice
and pulses are the secondary agricultural ac?vity. Ca?le, sheep and goats
are the livestock components which in most parts are maintained as large
herds and allowed to range
8. Delta and coastal plains: Rice cul?va?on along with ямБsh culture, poultry
and piggery enterprises, capture ямБsheries of the marine ecosystem is a
specialized enterprise and does not mix with cropping ac?vity.
рд┐рд╡рд┐рдн?рди
рдХреГрд┐рд╖
-
рдЬрд▓рд╡рд╛рдпреБ
?реЗ?L рдХреЗ рд┐рд▓рдП рдЕрд▓рдЧ-рдЕрд▓рдЧ рдЖрдИрдПрдлрдПрд╕ рдореЙрдбрд▓
1. рдЙ?рдЪ
рдКрдВрдЪрд╛рдИ
рд╡рд╛рд▓реЗ
рдардВрдбреЗ
рд░реЗрд┐рдЧ?рддрд╛рди: рд╡рд╛рд┐рдирдХ?, рдмрдХ?рд░рдпL,
рдЕрдВрдЧреЛрд░рд╛
рдЦрд░рдЧреЛрд╢L рдФрд░ рдмрд╛рдЬрд░рд╛, рдЧреЗрд╣?рдВ, рдЬреМ рдФрд░
рдЪрд╛рд░реЗ рдЬреИрд╕реА рд╕реАрд┐рдордд
рдХреГрд┐рд╖
рдлрд╕рд▓L рдХреЗ рд╕рд╛рде рдЪрд░рд╛рдЧрд╛рд╣ред
2.
рд╢реБ
?рдХ рдФрд░ рд░реЗрд┐рдЧ?рддрд╛рдиреА ?реЗ?:
рдореБ
?рдп Bрдк рд╕реЗ
рдКрдВрдЯ
L, рднреЗреЬ рдФрд░ рдмрдХрд░реА рдХреЗ рд╕рд╛рде
рдкрд╢реБрдкрд╛рд▓рди
рдо? рдо?рдпрдо рдлрд╕рд▓
рдШрдЯрдХL рдХреЗ рд╕рд╛рде рдХ?рд┐?рдд рд╣реИ рд┐рдЬрд╕рдо? рдмрд╛рдЬрд░рд╛, рдЧреЗрд╣?рдВ, рджрд╛рд▓? рдФрд░ рдЪрд╛рд░рд╛ рд╢рд╛рд┐рдорд▓ рд╣?
3. рдкрд┐2рдореА рдФрд░ рдо?рдп рд┐рд╣рдорд╛рд▓рдп: ?
рдореБрдЦ
рдШрдЯрдХ рдХреЗ Bрдк рдо? рдмрд╛рдЧрд╡рд╛рдиреА рдлрд╕рд▓L рдо?
рдореБ
?рдп Bрдк рд╕реЗ рдо?рдХрд╛,
рдЪрд╛рд╡рд▓, рдЧреЗрд╣?рдВ, рджрд╛рд▓L рдФрд░ рдЪрд╛рд░рд╛ рдлрд╕рд▓L рдХреЗ рд╕рд╛рде рдкрд╣рд╛реЬреА рдЫрддL рдФрд░ рдврд▓рд╛рдиL рдкрд░ рдХрдо рдЧрд╣рди
рдХреГрд┐рд╖
рд╣реЛрддреА рд╣реИ
4.
рдкреВрд╡
? рд┐рд╣рдорд╛рд▓рдп: рдЪрд╛рд╡рд▓, рдмрд╛рдЬрд░рд╛, рджрд╛рд▓L рдЖрд┐рдж рдХреЗ рд╕рд╛рде рдЖрд┐рджрдо рдлрд╕рд▓ рдкрд┐рддред
рдХреГрд┐рд╖
-рд╡рд╛рд┐рдирдХ? ?рдгрд╛рд▓реА
рднреА рдЖрдо рд╣реИред
рд╕реБрдЕрд░
рдкрд╛рд▓рди рдФрд░
рдореБрдЧ
? рдкрд╛рд▓рди
рдореБ
?рдп
рдкрд╢реБрдзрди
рдЧрд┐рддрд┐рд╡рд┐рдз
рд╣реИред
CHHATTISGARH:-
General Agriculture Scenario Chhattisgarh is situated between 17-23.70N
latitude and 80.40-83.380E longitude in Central eastern part of India. The total
Ishan Dewangan
FARMING SYSTEM AND SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE
48
geographical area of the state is 136.03 thousand sq. km. The general climate of
Chhattisgarh state is dry sub-humid type where the annual potential evapo-
transpiration is slightly higher than the annual rainfall ( 1200 to 1600 mm ) of
which about 90 to 95 percent of this amount is received during south-west
┬аmonsoon season (June October). The monsoon sets in around 10 June in the tip
of the Bastar area and covers the entire area by 25th June. Months of July and
August are the wettest months. Rainfall in October month occurs due to cyclonic
activity in the Bay of Bengal and October rainfall is most crucial for the
productivity of rice in the state. Winter conditions set in from mid November
when the average minimum temperature starts falling below 150C. The
northern districts especially Bilaspur division have more severe and longer
winter period as compared to southern parts especially Bastar division. The
atmospheric humidity is very high (>90%) during monsoon months and starts
decreasing from October onwards and reaches as low as 15-20 percent during
peak summer months. . Agriculture is the main occupation of more than 80 per
cent of the population with cropping intensity of 117 per cent. Mono cropping
of rice is predominant while other crops grown are lathyrus, linseed and
chickpea as relay crops (Utera). Though this amount is quite sufficient for
growing rice crop but due to erratic distribution of rainfall frequent dry spells
and heavy rainfall at times causes failure and adversely affect the economic
conditions of the farmers. Hence, it is necessary to train the farmers to adopt
better water management practices under adverse situations and to adopt
other parallel means to boost their source of income. It is observed that majority
of the farmers are still practicing the traditional methods of cultivation resulting
in low growth rates and productivity. The farmers have to be made aware for
adoption of modern technologies suitable to their holdings. Providing adequate
knowledge to the farmers is essential for better implementation of the
agricultural development plans and to improve the productivity. It is now clear
that under rainfed cultivation blanket recommendations do not work, instead
the recommendations should be location, crop and climate specific. Increased
yields means increased net profits, which can be achieved only through adoption
of improved and recommended practices. Agro-climatically, Chhattisgarh may
be divided into 3 distinct agro climate zones with immense potential of
development of agriculture and horticulture crops with other components to
┬аincrease yield and income of the farming community. The agro ecological
situations of these regions are different and hence, there is variation in the crop
and cropping systems of the regions
рд╕рд╛рдорд╛?рдп
рдХреГрд┐рд╖
рдк?рд░@?рдп рдЫ?реАрд╕рдЧреЭ рднрд╛рд░рдд рдХреЗ рдо?рдп
рдкреВрд╡
? рднрд╛рдЧ рдо? 17-23.70 рдПрди рдЕ?
рд╛рдВрд╢
рдФрд░ 80.40-
83.380 рдИ
рджреЗрд╢рд╛рдВрддрд░
рдХреЗ рдмреАрдЪ рд┐?рдердд рд╣реИред рд░рд╛?рдп рдХрд╛
рдХреБрд▓
рднреМрдЧреЛрд┐рд▓рдХ ?реЗ?рдлрд▓ 136.03 рд╣рдЬрд╛рд░ рд╡рдЧ? рд┐рдХрдореА рд╣реИред
Ishan Dewangan
FARMING SYSTEM AND SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE
AGRO CLIMATIC ZONES OF CG:-
CHHATTISGARH PLAINS: Raipur, Mahasamund, Dhamtari, Durg,
Rajnandgaon, Kabirdham, Bilaspur, Korba, Janjgir and part of Kanker district
(Narharpur & Kanker block) along with part of Raigarh district.
BASTAR PLATEU: Jagdalpur, Dantewada and remaining part of Kanker district.
Ishan Dewangan
FARMING SYSTEM AND SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE
50
NORTHERN HILLS: Surguja, Koriya and Jashpurnagar and Dharamjaigarh Tehsil of Raigarh
district
RESOURCE USE EFFICIENCY AND
OPTIMIZATION TECHNIQUES
EFFICIENCY: Efficiency in any system is an expression of obtainable
output with the addition of unit amount of input.
рд┐рдХрд╕реА рднреА ?рдгрд╛рд▓реА рдо? рдж?рддрд╛
рдЗрдирдкреБрдЯ
рдХ? рдЗрдХрд╛рдИ рд░рд╛рд┐рд╢ рдХреЗ рдЕрд┐рдд?рд░ рдЙрдкрд▓?рдз
рдЖрдЙрдЯрдкреБрдЯ
рдХ? рдЕрд┐рдн?рдпрд┐
рд╣реИред
RESOURCE:-
Land, Labour, Capital, Nutrient, Energy, Water
Land utilization index:- Cultivated land utilization Index is calculated
by summing the products of land area to each crop, multiplied by the actual
duration of that crop divided by the total cultivated land times 365 days.
CLUI = ai di/A *365 x 100 Where, Ai = area occupied by the ith crop di = days
that the ith crop occupied A = total cultivated land area available for 365 days.
рдЦреЗрддреА рдХ? рдЧрдИ
рднреВрд┐рдо
рдЙрдкрдпреЛрдЧ
рд╕реВрдЪрдХрд╛рдВрдХ
рдХ? рдЧрдгрдирд╛ ??рдпреЗрдХ рдлрд╕рд▓ рдХреЗ рд┐рд▓рдП
рднреВрд┐рдо
?реЗ? рдХреЗ рдЙ?рдкрд╛рджL рдХреЛ
рд╕рд╛рд░рд╛рдВрд┐рд╢рдд
рдХрд░рдХреЗ
рдХ? рдЬрд╛рддреА рд╣реИ, рд┐рдЬрд╕реЗ рдЙрд╕ рдлрд╕рд▓ рдХ? рд╡рд╛?рддрд┐рд╡рдХ рдЕрд╡рд┐рдз рд╕реЗ
рдЧреБрдгрд╛
рд┐рдХрдпрд╛ рдЬрд╛рддрд╛ рд╣реИ рд┐рдЬрд╕реЗ
рдХреБрд▓
рдЦреЗрддреА рдХ? рдЧрдИ
рднреВрд┐рдо
рд╕рдордп
365 рд┐рджрдиL рд╕реЗ рд┐рд╡рднрд╛рд┐рдЬрдд рд┐рдХрдпрд╛ рдЬрд╛рддрд╛ рд╣реИред
CLUI = ai di/A *365 x 100 рдЬрд╣рд╛рдБ, Ai = рдЗрде рдлрд╕рд▓ ,рд╛рд░рд╛ рдХ?рдЬрд╛ рд┐рдХрдпрд╛ рдЧрдпрд╛ ?реЗ? di = рд┐рджрди
рдЬрдм рдлрд╕рд▓ рдкрд░ рдХ?рдЬрд╛ рдХрд░ рд┐рд▓рдпрд╛ рдЧрдпрд╛ A = 365 рд┐рджрдиL рдХреЗ рд┐рд▓рдП рдЙрдкрд▓?рдз
рдХреБрд▓
рдЦреЗрддреА рдпреЛ?рдп
рднреВрд┐рдо
?реЗ?ред
AGGRESSIVITY: It is the mixture of how much the relative yield increase
in component a is greater than that for b.
Aab = Yab / (Yaa x Zab) - Yba/(Ybb x Zba)
Where, Aab = Zero mean component crops are equally competitive
Aab = negative means dominated
Aab = Bigger value either positive or negative means bigger difference in
competitive abilities.
рдпрд╣ рдЗрд╕ рдмрд╛рдд рдХрд╛ рд┐рдо?рдг рд╣реИ рд┐рдХ рдШрдЯрдХ A рдо? рд╕рд╛рдкреЗ? рдЙрдкрдЬ
рд╡реГрд┐
& b рдХ?
рддреБрд▓рдирд╛
рдо? рд┐рдХрддрдиреА рдЕрд┐рдзрдХ
рд╣реИред
COMPETITION INDEX:-
It is measure to find out the yield of various crops when grown together as well
as separately. It represents the yield per plant of different crops in mixture and
their respective pure stand on unit area basis.
CI = ( Yaa -Yab) X (Ybb -Yba) / Yaa x Ybb
Yab- mixture yield of a crop grown with b
Yba- mixture yield of b crop grown with a
Yaa-yield in pure stand of crop a
Ybb-yield in pure stand of crop b
рдпрд╣ рдПрдХ рд╕рд╛рде рдФрд░ рд╕рд╛рде рд╣реА рдЕрд▓рдЧ-рдЕрд▓рдЧ рдЙрдЧрд╛рдП рдЬрд╛рдиреЗ рдкрд░ рд┐рд╡рд┐рдн?рди рдлрд╕рд▓L рдХ? рдЙрдкрдЬ рдХрд╛ рдкрддрд╛ рд▓рдЧрд╛рдиреЗ рдХрд╛ рдЙрдкрд╛рдп
рд╣реИред
рдпрд╣ рд┐рдо?рдг рдо? рд┐рд╡рд┐рдн?рди рдлрд╕рд▓L рдХреЗ ?рд┐рдд рдкреМрдзреЗ рдЙрдкрдЬ рдФрд░ рдЗрдХрд╛рдИ ?реЗ? рдХреЗ рдЖрдзрд╛рд░ рдкрд░ рдЙрдирдХреЗ
рд╕рдВрдмрдВрд┐рдзрдд
CI = (Yaa-Yab) X (Ybb -Yba) / рдпрд╛ x Ybb
рдпрд╛рдм- b рдХреЗ рд╕рд╛рде рдЙрдЧрд╛рдИ рдЧрдИ рдлрд╕рд▓ рдХ? рд┐рдо?рдг рдЙрдкрдЬ
Yba- a рдХреЗ рд╕рд╛рде рдЙрдЧрд╛рдИ рдЧрдИ b рдлрд╕рд▓ рдХ? рд┐рдо?рдг рдЙрдкрдЬ
рдлрд╕рд▓ рдХреЗ
рд╢реБ
& ?рдЯ?рдб рдо? рдпрд╛-рдЙрдкрдЬ
рдлрд╕рд▓ b рдХреЗ
рд╢реБ
& ?рдЯ?рдб рдо? Ybb-рдЙрдкрдЬ
WATER USE EFFICIENCY:-
WUE = Y/ET
Y is the yield (kg/ha) W is the amount of water used by the crop (mm). Yield may
be dry matter or amount of carbon fixed etc. in plant level.WUE varies among
species in the same environment among climates for the same crop among
varieties of same crop. WUE of pineapple is about 20 g of dry matter perkilogram
of water, 3 to 5 for C4 plants and 2 to 3 C3 plants
CROP EQUIVALENT YEILD:
The yields of different intercrops are converted into equivalent yield of any one
crop based on price of the produce. In such situations, comparisons can be made
based on economic returns (gross or net returns). The yield of protein and
carbohydrate equivalent can also be calculated for valid comparison. Efforts
have also been made to convert the yields of different crops into equivalent
yield of any one crop such as wheat equivalent yield.
рд┐рд╡рд┐рдн?рди
рдЗрдВрдЯрд░
?реЙ?рд╕ рдХ? рдкреИрджрд╛рд╡рд╛рд░ рдХреЛ рдЙрдкрдЬ рдХ? рдХ?рдордд рдХреЗ рдЖрдзрд╛рд░ рдкрд░ рд┐рдХрд╕реА рдПрдХ рдлрд╕рд▓ рдХреЗ рдмрд░рд╛рдмрд░ рдЙрдкрдЬ рдо? рдк?рд░рд╡рд┐рдд?рдд
рд┐рдХрдпрд╛ рдЬрд╛рддрд╛ рд╣реИред рдРрд╕реА рд┐?рдерд┐рддрдпL рдо?, рдЖрд┐рде?рдХ ?рд░рдЯрди? (рд╕рдХрд▓ рдпрд╛
рд╢реБ
& ?рд░рдЯрди?) рдХреЗ рдЖрдзрд╛рд░ рдкрд░
рддреБрд▓рдирд╛
рдХ? рдЬрд╛ рд╕рдХрддреА
Ishan Dewangan
FARMING SYSTEM AND SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE
LAND EQUIVALENT RATIO:-
It denotes relative land area under sole crop required to produce the same yield
as obtained under a mixed or an intercropping system at the same level of
management. It is the ratio of land required by pure crop to produce the same
yield as intercrop.
LER = Ya/Sa + Yb/Sb
Where, Ya, Yb is the yield of a and b crop grown as intercrop,
Sa, Sb is the yield of a and b crop grown as sole crop,
LER = Yield of intercrop over yield of pure crop
рдпрд╣ ?
рдмрдВрдзрди
рдХреЗ рд╕рдорд╛рди ?рддрд░ рдкрд░ рд┐рдорд┐?рдд рдпрд╛
рдЕрдВрддрд░
-рдлрд╕рд▓ ?рдгрд╛рд▓реА рдХреЗ рддрд╣рдд ?рд╛ямБ рд╕рдорд╛рди рдЙрдкрдЬ рдХрд╛ рдЙ?рдкрд╛рджрди рдХрд░рдиреЗ рдХреЗ
рд┐рд▓рдП рдЖрд╡?рдпрдХ рдПрдХрдорд╛? рдлрд╕рд▓ рдХреЗ рддрд╣рдд рд╕рд╛рдкреЗ?
рднреВрд┐рдо
?реЗ? рдХреЛ рджрд╢рд╛?рддрд╛ рд╣реИред рдпрд╣
рд╢реБ
& рдлрд╕рд▓ ,рд╛рд░рд╛ рдЖрд╡?рдпрдХ
рднреВрд┐рдо
FIELD WATER USE EFFICIENCY:-
Field water use efficiency is a ratio between marketable crop yield and field
water supply which includes water used by the plant in metabolic activities, ET
and deep percolation losses.
WUE (kg/ha-mm) = Y/WR RUE & optimization techniques
Where, FWUE = Field water use efficiency in kg/ha-mm
Y = Crop yield in kg/ha
WR = Water used in metabolic activities, ET and deep percolation losses in mm
?реЗ? рдЬрд▓ рдЙрдкрдпреЛрдЧ рдж?рддрд╛ рд┐рд╡рдкрдгрди рдпреЛ?рдп рдлрд╕рд▓ рдЙрдкрдЬ рдФрд░ рдЦреЗрдд рдХреЗ рдкрд╛рдиреА рдХ?
рдЖрдкреВрд┐рдд
? рдХреЗ рдмреАрдЪ рдПрдХ
рдЕрдиреБрдкрд╛рдд
рд╣реИ
рд┐рдЬрд╕рдо? рдкреМрдзреЗ ,рд╛рд░рд╛ рдЪрдпрд╛рдкрдЪрдп рдЧрд┐рддрд┐рд╡рд┐рдзрдпL, рдИрдЯреА рдФрд░ рдЧрд╣рд░реЗ
рдЕрдВрддрдГ
>рд╡рдг
рдиреБрдХрд╕рд╛рди
рдо? рдЙрдкрдпреЛрдЧ рд┐рдХрдпрд╛ рдЬрд╛рдиреЗ рд╡рд╛рд▓рд╛ рдкрд╛рдиреА
рд╢рд╛рд┐рдорд▓
рд╣реИред
WEED CONTROL EFFICIENCY:-
[Weed count or dry weight in weedy - weed count or dry weight in a
treatment]/weed count or dry weight in weedy
[рдЦрд░рдкрддрд╡рд╛рд░ рдо? рдЦрд░рдкрддрд╡рд╛рд░ рдХ? рд┐рдЧрдирддреА рдпрд╛
рд╕реВрдЦрд╛
рд╡рдЬрди - рдЙрдкрдЪрд╛рд░ рдо? рдЦрд░рдкрддрд╡рд╛рд░ рдХ? рд┐рдЧрдирддреА рдпрд╛
рд╕реВрдЦрд╛
рд╡рдЬрди]/рдЦрд░рдкрддрд╡рд╛рд░
рдХ? рд┐рдЧрдирддреА рдпрд╛ рдЦрд░рдкрддрд╡рд╛рд░ рдо?
рд╕реВрдЦрд╛
рд╡рдЬрдиред
RELATIVE CROPPING INTENSITY INDEX:-
It is the ratio of the amount of area and time allotted to 1 crop or groups of crop
┬аrelated to area?me actually used in the produc?on of all crops.
RCII = ak.tk / ai . Ti
It is used for classifying (i.e a farmer with relative vegetable intensity index 50%
would be considered a vegetable grower.) measuring shifts of various crops
among farm of different sizes and determining whether the consistent types of
cropping pattern occur within various farm size strata.
рдпрд╣ 1 рдлрд╕рд▓ рдпрд╛ рд╕рднреА рдлрд╕рд▓L рдХреЗ рдЙ?рдкрд╛рджрди рдо? рд╡рд╛?рддрд╡ рдо? рдЙрдкрдпреЛрдЧ рд┐рдХрдП рдЬрд╛рдиреЗ рд╡рд╛рд▓реЗ ?реЗ? рд╕реЗ
рд╕рдВрдмрдВрд┐рдзрдд
рдлрд╕рд▓ рдХреЗ
рд╕рдореВрд╣
L
рдХреЛ
рдЖрд╡рдВрд┐рдЯрдд
?реЗ? рдФрд░ рд╕рдордп рдХ? рдорд╛?рд╛ рдХрд╛
рдЕрдиреБрдкрд╛рдд
рд╣реИред
RCII = ak.tk / ai. Ti
рдЗрд╕рдХрд╛ рдЙрдкрдпреЛрдЧ рд┐рд╡рд┐рдн?рди рдЖрдХрд╛рд░L рдХреЗ рдЦреЗрддL рдХреЗ рдмреАрдЪ рд┐рд╡рд┐рдн?рди рдлрд╕рд▓L рдХреЗ рдмрджрд▓рд╛рд╡ рдХреЛ рдорд╛рдкрдиреЗ рдХреЗ рд┐рд▓рдП рд┐рдХрдпрд╛ рдЬрд╛рддрд╛ рд╣реИ
(рдпрд╛рдиреА рд╕рд╛рдкреЗ? рд╕?рдЬреА рддреАрддрд╛
рд╕реВрдЪрдХрд╛рдВрдХ
50% рд╡рд╛рд▓реЗ рд┐рдХрд╕рд╛рди рдХреЛ рд╕?рдЬреА рдЙ?рдкрд╛рджрдХ рдорд╛рдирд╛ рдЬрд╛рдПрдЧрд╛) рдФрд░ рдпрд╣ рд┐рдирдзрд╛??рд░рдд
рдХрд░рдиреЗ рдХреЗ рд┐рд▓рдП рд┐рдХ ?рдпрд╛ рд┐рд╡рд┐рдн?рди рдЦреЗрдд рдЖрдХрд╛рд░ рдХреЗ ?рддрд░ рдХреЗ рднреАрддрд░ рд▓рдЧрд╛рддрд╛рд░ ?рдХрд╛рд░ рдХреЗ рдлрд╕рд▓ рдкреИрдЯрди? рд╣реЛрддреЗ рд╣?ред
ROTATIONAL INTENSITY:-
This is calculated by counting the number of crops grown in a rotation and is
multiplied by 100 and then divided by the duration of rotation.
рдЗрд╕рдХ? рдЧрдгрдирд╛ рд░реЛрдЯреЗрд╢рди рдо? рдЙрдЧрд╛рдИ рдЧрдИ рдлрд╕рд▓L рдХ?
рд╕рдВ
?рдпрд╛ рдХ? рдЧрдгрдирд╛ рдХрд░рдХреЗ рдХ? рдЬрд╛рддреА рд╣реИ рдФрд░ рдЗрд╕реЗ 100 рд╕реЗ
рдЧреБрдгрд╛
рд┐рдХрдпрд╛
рдЬрд╛рддрд╛ рд╣реИ рдФрд░ рд┐рдлрд░ рд░реЛрдЯреЗрд╢рди рдХ? рдЕрд╡рд┐рдз рд╕реЗ рд┐рд╡рднрд╛рд┐рдЬрдд рд┐рдХрдпрд╛ рдЬрд╛рддрд╛
рд╣реИред