FEDERALISM_2.pdf

for class 10

1. FEDERALISM saMGavaad
In this chapter, we shall study as to what is
Federalism and how is it practiced in India.
What is the meaning of Federalism?
saMGavaad ka @yaa Aqa- hOÆ
It means the sharing of power between a central
governing authority and various constituent
units.
The power is shared among the central and
various states and local government.

2. FEDERALISM saMGavaad
►Usually, a federation has two levels of
government. One is the government for the
entire country that is usually responsible for
a few subjects of common national interest.

►The others are governments at the level of
provinces or states that look after much of
the day-to-day administering of their state.

3. DIFFERENCE BETWEEN UNITARY
AND FEDERAL FORM OF
GONERNMENT
Unitary Government
►Power is centered with the
central authority.

►There is codification of the
power.


►The focus is completely on
gaining power.
Federal Government
►Power is allocated to the
state and local level
governments.
►Power is allocated
separately to the central
and non-central govt. and
is codified in the
constitution.
►The focus is on national
and state issues.

4. Unitary and Federal countries
►Unitary Government

1.United Kingdom
2.France
3.Italy
4.Japan etc


►Note- Out of 192
countries of the world,
about 25 countries have
federal govt., but their
population comes about
40% of the world.
►Federal Government

1.United states of America
2.Canada
3.Argentina
4.Australia
5.Brazil
6.Germany
7.India
8.Mexico
9.Switzerland etc

5. Key features of Federalism
1.There are two or more levels (or tiers) of government.
2.Different tiers of government govern the same citizens, but
each tier has its own JURISDICTION.
3.The jurisdictions of the respective levels or tiers of
government are specified in the constitution.
4.The fundamental provisions of the constitution cannot be
unilaterally changed by one level of government. Such
changes require the consent of both the levels of
government.
5.Courts have the power to interpret the constitution and the
powers of different levels of government.
6.Revenue for each level of government are clearly specified
to ensure its financial autonomy.

6. Different routes of Federalism
‘coming together’
federations
►Independent States
coming together on their
own to form a bigger unit,
so that by pooling
sovereignty and retaining
identity they can increase
their security. This type of
‘coming together’
federations include the
USA, Switzerland and
Australia.


‘holding together’
federations.
►A large country decides to
divide its power between
the constituent States and
the national government.
India, Spain and Belgium
are examples of this kind
of ‘holding together’
federations.

7. What makes India a federal country?

►The Constitution declared India as a
Union of States. Although it did not
use the word federation, the Indian Union is
based on the principles of federalism.

►We can see that all the features of
Federalism apply to the provisions of the
Indian Constitution.

8. Three tiers of government
Government
Center State
Panchayats and
Municipalities.

9. What makes India a federal country?
►The Constitution clearly
provided a threefold
distribution of legislative
powers between the
Union Government and
the State Governments.
►Thus, it contains three
lists:
1.Union List
2.State List
3.Concurrent List


►Union List saMGa saUcaI 97
includes subjects of
national importance such
as defence of the country,
foreign affairs, banking,
communications and
currency.
►State List rajya saUcaI 61
contains subjects of State
and local importance such
as police, trade,
commerce, agriculture and
irrigation.

10. What makes India a federal country?
►Concurrent List 52
samavatI- saUcaI
includes subjects of
common interest to
both the Union
Government as well as
the State
Governments, such as
education, forest,
trade unions,
marriage, adoption
and succession.

►Residuary Power
AvaiSaYT Sai@tyaaÐ
Any subjects which do
not fall in any of the
above three lists are
treated as Residuary
subjects.
Only the union
government has got
the power to legislate
on such subjects.
Example:- Computer
software etc

11. What makes India a federal country?
►Most federations that are formed by ‘holding
together’ do not give equal power to its
constituent units. Thus, all States in the Indian
Union do not have identical powers.
Example – Jammu and Kashmir

►Chandigarh, or Lakshadweep or the capital city of
Delhi, are called UnionTerritories. These territories
do not have the powers of a State. The Central
Government has special powers in running these
areas.

12. What makes India a federal country?
►Sharing of power
between the centre and
the states

►The Parliament cannot on
its own change this
arrangement.
►Any change to it has to be
first passed by both the
Houses of Parliament with
at least two-thirds
majority.
►Then it has to be ratified
by the legislatures of at
least half of the total
States.

►Judiciary plays an
important Role
►In case of any dispute
about the division of
powers, the High Courts
and the Supreme Court
make a decision.

►The Union and State
governments have the
power to raise resources
by levying taxes in order
to carry on the
government

13. Formation of Linguistic State
►After the partition of the
country , 552 odd states
and the following 9
provinces were in India-
1.East Punjab
2.United Province
3.Central Province
4.Bihar
5.Orissa
6.Assam
7.Bombay
8.Madras
1.This was done to ensure
that people who spoke
the same language lived
in the same State.
2.Again, some states are
created to recognise
differences based on
culture, ethnicity or
geography.
3.Now, there are 28 states
and 8 Union territories in
the Indian Union.

16. Recapitulation
►Some states were created not on the
basis of language but to recognise
differences based on culture, ethnicity
or geography. Examples of such states
are__________.
►a) Jharkhand
►b) Uttarakhand
►c) Nagaland
►d) All of the above

17. Liberal Language Policy
►Our Constitution did not give the status of
national language to any one language.
►Hindi was identified as the official language.
But Hindi is the mother tongue of only
about 40 per cent of Indians.
►Therefore, there were many safeguards to
protect other languages. Besides Hindi,
there are 22 other languages recognized as
Scheduled Languages by the Constitution.

18. Language Percentage of people
speaking the Language
►Scheduled Languages of
India and proportion of
speakers(%)

►Assamese 1.6
►Bangla 8.3
►Bodo 0.1
►Dogri 0.2
►Gujarati 4.9
►Hindi 40.2
►Kannada 3.9
►Kashmiri 0.5
►Sanskrit 0.01
►Santhali 0.6
►Sindhi 0.3

►Scheduled Languages of
India and proportion of
speakers(%)

►Tamil 6.3
►Telugu 7.9
►Urdu 5.2
►Konkani 0.2
►Maithili 0.9
►Malayalam 3.6
►Manipuri 0.2
►Marathi 7.5
►Nepali 0.3
►Oriya 3.4
►Punjabi 2.8

19. Recapitulation
►Besides Hindi, there are ______ other
languages recognised as Scheduled
Languages by the Constitution.
►a) 22
►b) 24
►c) 12
►d) 31

20. Recapitulation
►Here are three reactions to the language policy
followed in India. Which of the following holds
true in the case of India?
(a) The policy of accommodation has
strengthened national unity.
(b) Language based states have divided us by
making everyone conscious of their language.
(c) The language policy has only helped to
consolidate the dominance of English over all
other languages.

21. Centre-State relations

►As and when the ruling party at the State level was
different, the parties that ruled at the Centre tried to
undermine the power of the States.

►All this changed significantly after 1990. This period saw the
rise of regional political parties in many States of the country.

►This was also the beginning of the era of COALITION
GOVERNMENTS at the Centre.

►This trend was supported by a major judgement of the
Supreme Court that made it difficult for the Central
Government to dismiss state governments in an arbitrary
manner.

22. Recapitulation
►What do you mean by Coalition
government?

►Do you know I.N.D.I.A.?

►Explain NDA.

23. Decentralisation in India
Baart maoM ivakond`IkrNa
►When power is taken away from Central and
State governments and given to local
government, it is called decentralisation.

►The basic idea behind decentralisation is
that there are a large number of problems
and issues which are best settled at the
local level.

24. Decentralisation in India
Baart maoM ivakond`IkrNa
►A major step towards decentralisation was taken in 1992.
Salient features of the amendment act of1992 are
following:

1.To provide 3-tier system of Panchayati Raj for all the
states having over 20 lakhs population.
2.To hold its election regularly.
3.To provide reservation of seats to SC,ST and Women.
4.Financial power to panchayat through state finance
commission
5.To constitute District planning commission to draft
development plan.

25. Working of the Rural Local Self
Government
Zila
Parishad
Panchayat Samiti
Gram Panchayat

26. Panchayati Raj System
►Each village or a group of villages has a
Gram Panchayat.
►This is a council of several ward members
called a Panch and a President (Sarpanch).
►A few Gram Panchayats are grouped
together to form a Panchayat Samiti or
Block.
►All the Panchayat samitis in a district
together constitute the Zila Parishad.

27. Municipalities
►These are set up in towns.
►In big cities, Municipal corporations are set
up.
►They are controlled by elected bodies
consisting of people’s representatives.
►The political head of Municipal corporation is
the Mayor.
36 lakhs elected representatives in Panchayati
raj system , 1/3 are women.

28. Exercise Questions
1. Locate the following States on a blank outline political map
of India: Manipur, Sikkim, Chhattisgarh and Goa.
2. Identify and shade three federal countries (other than
India) on a blank outline political map of the world.
3. Point out one feature in the practice of federalism in India
that is similar to and one feature that is different from that
of Belgium.
4. What is the main difference between a federal form of
government and a unitary one? Explain with an example.
5. State any two differences between the local government
before and after the amendment in 1992.