Ferrous metals

construction and materials

1. Ferrous metals CONSTRUCTION AND MATERIALS NAR-503 SUNDER DEEP COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE SUBMITTED TO: AR. AMAN SIR AR.SHWETA MA’AM B. ARCH 5 TH SEMESTER SECTION: ‘A’ SESSION: 2015-16 SUBMITTED BY: JUHI ALEXJENDAR AHMED ZAID ABHISHEK RASTOGI KUNWAR AMAN DIVYA ANSHIKA MADAN AMIT

2. WHAT ARE METALS? They are materials that are typically hard, opaque, shiny, and has good electrical and thermal conductivity. WHAT IS IRON? Iron is defined as a metal, that can be magnetized, that rusts in moist air and also occurs in the blood naturally. WHAT ARE FERROUS METALS? Metals which contain iron as their main constituent are termed as ferrous metals.

3. Pig, cast and wrought iron

4. Properties of pig iron Pig iron is a byproduct of the smelting process to make pure iron. The iron ore is heated using high carbon fuel coke, which results in pig iron with a very high carbon content, usually around 4 percent. All forms of pig iron contain between 3.5 and 4.5 percent carbon, along with various amounts of silicon, manganese, sulphur and phosphorous . Pig iron is a very brittle metal, owing to the high carbon content and the other impurities that form in it . Pig iron will split and fracture if it is dropped . Pig iron has a much lower melting point than wrought iron or steel due to the high carbon content .

5. Properties of cast iron Cast iron has good compressive strength but relatively poor tensile strength. The casting process enables the production of complex shapes. Wrought iron has better tensile strength than cast iron and is more ductile. USES OF CAST IRON  -  hardware:  hinges, latches     -  columns, balusters     -  stairs     -  structural connectors in buildings and monuments     -  decorative features     -  fences     -  tools and utensils     -  ordnance     -  stoves and fire backs     -  piping.

6. Properties of wrought iron Soft, ductile and magnetic. Strong, high elasticity and tensile strength. Malleable - can be heated and reheated. Suitable for members in tension or compression. USES OF WROUGHT - Fences , gates and railings - Balconies - Porches and verandas - Canopies - Roof cresting - Lamps - Grilles - Hardware

7. alloys An alloy is a mixture of metals or a mixture of a metal and other   elements. Alloys are defined by metallic bonding character. An alloy may be a solid solution of metal elements (a single phase) or a mixture of metallic phases (two or more solutions).  Alloys are used in a wide variety of applications. In some cases, a combination of metals may reduce the overall cost of the material while preserving important properties . In other cases, the combination of metals imparts synergistic properties to the constituent metal elements such as corrosion resistance or mechanical strength. Examples of alloys are steel, solder, brass, pewter, duralumin, phosphor bronze  and amalgams . They can be classified as homogeneous (consisting of a single phase), or heterogeneous (consisting of two or more phases) or intermetallic.

8. Steels Steels  are  alloys of  iron and other elements, primarily carbon, widely used in construction and other applications because of their high tensile strengths and low cost.

9. PROPERTIES OF STAINLESS STEEL Chromium is added to make it resistant to rust. Stainless steel is a hard and strong substance, it is not a good conductor of heat and electricity, it is ductile, magnetic, retains its strength and cutting edge regardless of temperature. USES OF STAINLESS STEEL Domestic   – cutlery, sinks, saucepans, washing machine drums, microwave oven liners, razor blades Architectural/Civil Engineering  – cladding, handrails, door and window fittings, street furniture, structural sections, reinforcement bar, lighting columns, lintels, masonry supports Transport  – exhaust systems, car trim/grilles, road tankers, ship containers, ships chemical tankers, refuse vehicles Chemical/Pharmaceutical  – pressure vessels, process piping . Oil and Gas  – platform accommodation, cable trays, subsea pipelines . Medical  – Surgical instruments, surgical implants, MRI scanners . Food and Drink  – Catering equipment, brewing, distilling, food processing . Water  – Water and sewage treatment, water tubing, hot water tanks . General  – springs, fasteners (bolts, nuts and washers), wire.

10. properties of mild steel It is one of the cheapest types of steel available . Mild steel does not have great structural strength, making it unsuitable for building girders or structural beams. Since it has a weak resistance to corrosion, mild steel must be painted or sealed to keep it from rusting . Because it is a soft material, mild steel is easy to weld. USES OF MILD STEEL This includes motorcycle frames, automobile chassis, and most cookware . A light coat of grease or oil will seal it fine and also aid in controlling rust. mild steel is easy to weld. The composition of the steel lets the electrical current travel through the metal without damaging the makeup of the material. mild steel is more flexible and can give in certain places in construction projects.

11. What is metal coating? A coating is a covering that is applied to the surface of an object. The purpose of applying the coating may be decorative, functional, or both . The coating itself may be an all-over coating, completely covering the substrate, or it may only cover parts of the substrate . TYPES ELECTROPLATING SPRAYING GALVANIZING

12. ELECTROPLATING Electroplating is a process that uses electric current to reduce dissolved metal  cations  so that they form a coherent metal coating on an electrode . Electroplating is primarily used to change the surface properties of an object (e.g. abrasion and wear resistance, corrosion protection,  lubricity , aesthetic qualities, etc.), but may also be used to build up thickness on undersized parts or to form objects by electroforming. The process used in electroplating is called  electro deposition . It is analogous to a galvanic cell acting in reverse. The part to be plated is the cathode of the circuit. In one technique, the anode is made of the metal to be plated on the part. Both components are immersed in a solution  called an electrolyte containing one or more dissolved metal salts as well as other ions that permit the flow of electricity. A power supply supplies a direct current to the anode, oxidizing the metal atoms that it comprises and allowing them to dissolve in the solution. At the cathode, the dissolved metal ions in the electrolyte solution are reduced at the interface between the solution and the cathode, such that they "plate out" onto the cathode.

13. Metal spraying The term “thermal metal spraying” refers to a process in which  metals are melted and sprayed on a surface to form a coating. The metals may be melted using combustion (i.e., oxy fuel ) or electrical processes (i.e., arc, plasma arc, or plasma induction).

14. galvanizing Galvanization is the process of applying a protective zinc coating to steel or iron, to prevent rusting. The most common method is hot-dip galvanization, in which parts are submerged in a bath of molten zinc. Galvanizing protects in two ways: It forms a coating of corrosion-resistant zinc which prevents corrosive substances from reaching the more delicate part of the metal. The zinc serves as a sacrificial anode so that even if the coating is scratched, the exposed steel will still be protected by the remaining zinc.

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