Final_Consensus_Protocol_Presentation_Reetika_Balda.pptx

future point, application and types

1. Consensus Protocols in Distributed Systems By Reetika Balda MCA 2nd Year Choudhary Ranbir Singh University

2. Introduction to Consensus Consensus ensures all distributed nodes agree on a single data value. It is vital for consistency, fault tolerance, and reliability. Used in databases, blockchains, and distributed systems.

3. Why Consensus is Needed Ensures data consistency across distributed nodes. Resolves conflicts among replicas. Maintains fault tolerance and system trust.

4. Key Properties Agreement – all nodes agree on one value. Termination – every non-faulty node eventually decides. Validity – decided value must be one proposed by nodes. Fault Tolerance – system functions despite failures.

5. Popular Consensus Protocols Paxos – Reliable but complex algorithm. Raft – Simpler and widely used (used in Kubernetes, etcd). PBFT – Byzantine Fault Tolerant system (used in Hyperledger). PoW – Used in Bitcoin for mining consensus. PoS – Used in Ethereum for efficient validation.

6. Paxos Algorithm Roles: Proposers, Acceptors, and Learners. Proposers suggest values, Acceptors agree, Learners observe final decision. Ensures reliability even with node failures.

7. Raft Algorithm Simpler version of Paxos with clear leader election. Three phases: Leader Election, Log Replication, Commitment. Ensures system safety and log consistency.

8. PBFT (Practical Byzantine Fault Tolerance) Handles malicious or faulty nodes (Byzantine failures). Requires 3f+1 nodes to tolerate f faults. Used in permissioned blockchain systems.

9. Proof of Work (PoW) Used in Bitcoin and early blockchains. Miners solve cryptographic puzzles to validate transactions. Energy intensive but highly secure.

10. Proof of Stake (PoS) Validators are chosen based on their stake (amount owned). More energy efficient and eco-friendly. Used in Ethereum 2.0 and Cardano.

11. PoW vs PoS PoW: Secure, decentralized, but energy-hungry. PoS: Efficient, fast, but may lead to wealth concentration. Hybrid models combine benefits of both.

12. Challenges in Consensus Scalability and performance trade-offs. Energy consumption in PoW systems. Security threats such as Sybil or 51% attacks. Balancing decentralization and efficiency.

13. Applications Distributed databases and systems. Blockchain and cryptocurrency validation. Cloud storage synchronization. Multi-agent decision-making systems.

14. Future Directions AI-driven adaptive consensus mechanisms. Hybrid consensus models for scalability. Sustainable energy-efficient approaches. Cross-chain interoperability protocols.

15. Conclusion Consensus protocols form the backbone of reliable distributed systems. Each algorithm balances trade-offs between speed, security, and decentralization. The future lies in efficiency, scalability, and sustainability.