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1. Department of Electrical Engineering Mini Project P resentation by (1) Anjali Silutkar (2) Abhay Nandankar (3) Preyash Raut (4) Pratik Jiwane (5) Soumya Wade (VII SEM B.Tech . Electrical Engineering) (2024-25) U nder the guidance of Prof. B.S. Sudame DESIGN AND FABRICATION OF VOLTAGE DOUBLER YESHWANTRAO CHAVAN COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING 20-09-2024 Group No. 9 Design and fabrication of Voltage Doubler 1

2. 20-09-2024 Group No. 9 Design and fabrication of Voltage Doubler 2 CONTENT Introduction Aim Objective Area Of Study Problem Statement Milestone & Time Plan Scope Of Work Circuit Diagram Acknowledgment References

3. INTRODUCTION Design and Fabrication of a Voltage Doubler CircuitA voltage doubler is an electronic circuit that converts an alternating current (AC) input voltage to a direct current (DC) output voltage that is approximately twice the peak value of the AC input voltage. This circuit is widely used in various applications, including power supplies, electronic devices, and renewable energy systems, where a higher DC voltage is required from a lower AC voltage source. Voltage doublers are specialized rectifier circuits designed to provide an output voltage that is roughly twice the amplitude of the input voltage, without using a transformer. They are efficient and relatively simple in design, making them popular in a wide array of electronic applications, particularly when higher voltage is required from a low voltage source. This technology is used in everything from power supply units to radio-frequency (RF) circuits and even energy-harvesting systems. 20-09-2024 Group No. 9 Design and fabrication of Voltage Doubler 1

4. AIM The aim of this project is to design, simulate, and implement a voltage doubler circuit that effectively increases the amplitude of an AC or pulsating DC input signal, providing an output voltage approximately twice that of the input. The project will focus on understanding the operational principles of voltage doubling, the selection of appropriate components, and the performance evaluation of the circuit under various load and input conditions. This project will also explore noise reduction techniques to minimize harmonic distortion and ripple in the output voltage, making the circuit suitable for sensitive electronic applications. Comparisons with other voltage boosting methods, such as transformers or switching converters, will be made to assess the advantages and disadvantages of the voltage doubler in real-world applications. Finally, the project will focus on testing the circuit with both AC and DC inputs to demonstrate its versatility and explore its practical applications in power supplies. 20-09-2024 Group No. 9 Design and fabrication of Voltage Doubler 2

5. OBJECTIVES The objective of this project is to design, develop, and fabricate a voltage doubler circuit capable of converting an input AC voltage into a higher DC voltage, with applications in low-power and high-voltage electronics.The design should focus on efficiency, reliability, and the ability to work with transformers of varying ratings such as 230V/440V and 12V/50V. The following challenges are to be addressed: Input Voltage Variability : The circuit must accommodate different transformer ratings, handling inputs of 230V/440V and 12V/50V while ensuring consistent voltage doubling functionality. Component Selection : Appropriate diodes, capacitors, and other passive components must be selected to ensure efficient operation across different input voltages and frequencies (e.g., 50 Hz or 60 Hz). Voltage Regulation : Address potential challenges such as voltage ripple, load regulation, and capacitor leakage. The circuit should provide stable output voltage under varying loads.Size and Cost Constraints : The design should aim for compactness and cost-effectiveness without sacrificing performance. Components should be readily available and low-cost to ensure practical implementation. 20-09-2024 Group No. 9 Design and fabrication of Voltage Doubler 5

6. Safety Considerations : Incorporate protection mechanisms, such as fuses or surge protectors, to handle potential overvoltage conditions and ensure user safety, particularly at high voltages. Testing and Validation : The fabricated circuit must be tested to verify the voltage doubling effect, efficiency, and stability under different load conditions. The results should be analyzed and compared with theoretical expectations. 21-09-2024 Group No. 9 Design and fabrication of Voltage Doubler 6

7. The area of study for the voltage doubler circuit focuses on several key aspects of power electronics and energy conversion . This project will delve into the principles of voltage multiplication and rectification, examining how diodes and capacitors work together to increase the voltage output. It will also cover circuit design techniques for improving efficiency, stability, and minimizing ripple in the output. Additionally, the study will involve a detailed analysis of component behavior under different input and load conditions, exploring how the circuit responds to AC and pulsating DC inputs. Thermal management, noise reduction, and harmonic distortion will also be key areas of investigation, as they directly affect the circuit's performance in sensitive electronic applications. Comparative studies with other voltage boosting techniques, such as step-up transformers and switching regulators, will provide insights into the voltage doubler's advantages and limitations. 20-09-2024 Group No. 9 Design and fabrication of Voltage Doubler 4 AREA OF STUDY

8. PROBLEM STATEMENT The problem is to design and fabricate a voltage doubler circuit that converts a given AC input into a DC output voltage that is approximately double the peak value of the input voltage. The circuit must provide stable output voltage even under varying load conditions, with minimal voltage drop and reduced ripple. The design requires careful selection of diodes to handle peak reverse voltage and forward current, and capacitors to store energy and minimize ripple. The circuit's efficiency must be optimized, reducing losses from diode forward voltage drops and capacitor leakage. Additionally, the design should address safety, incorporating protection mechanisms such as over-voltage protection, and ensuring durability through proper component derating. The physical layout should be compact, with an optimized PCB design to minimize parasitic effects, heat buildup, and ensure reliable operation. The final deliverable includes a functional circuit with performance analysis on load regulation, ripple, and efficiency, alongside a detailed PCB layout and component choices. The problem is to design and fabricate a voltage doubler circuit that converts a given AC input into a DC output voltage that is approximately double the peak value of the input voltage. The circuit must provide stable output voltage even under varying load conditions, with minimal voltage drop and reduced ripple. 20-09-2024 Group No. 9 Design and fabrication of Voltage Doubler 5

9. Block Diagram 20-09-2024 Group No. 9 Design and fabrication of Voltage Doubler 6

10. Timeline 21-09-2024 Group No. 9 Design and fabrication of Voltage Doubler 7 Sr. No. Activity Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec 1 Conceptual design         2 Detailed design         3 Design Modification         4 Final Design         5 Procurement (if any)         6 Prototyping         7 Modifications 8 Testing and Validation 9 Final Modifications 10 Thesis and Draft Writing

11. References 20-09-2024 Group No. 9 Design and fabrication of Voltage Doubler 8 [1] Kuffel , E. and M. Abdullah, “. High Voltage Engineering” 1984 Pergamon Press, Oxford. [2 Naidu MS, Kamaraju V (2004). High Voltage Engineering. Third Edn . McGraw- Hill Company Ltd. pp. 146-156 [3] Khan, N., Lectures on “Art and Science of High Voltage Engineering” 2004. Published in Pakistan. [4] Mazen, A.S. and R. Radwan, 2000. High VoltageEngineering Theory and Practice. Sec. Edn .,Revised and Expanded, Marcel Dekker, Inc. Am. J. Applied Sci., 3 (12): 2178-2183, 2006 2183. [5] Wadhwa, C.L., High Voltage Engineering, Second Edition, New Age International (P) Limited, Publishers, New Delhi, India, 2007, pp.56-66. [6] Kuffel , E., Zaengl , WS., Kuffel , J., High Voltage Engineering Fundamentals, Second Edition, 2000, Newnes , Butterworth-Heinemann, Oxford, Great Britain, ISBN 0-7506- 3634-3, pp.9-23. [7]Shen S, Chiu C, Murch RD, “A Dual-Port Triple-Band L-Probe Microstrip Patch Rectenna for Ambient RF Energy Harvesting”. IEEE Microw Wireless Compon Lett; vol. 16, pp.3071–4, 2017. [8] Elsheakh , Dalia, et al. "Quad-band rectenna for RF energy harvesting system." Journal of Electromagnetic Analysis and Applications 12.5 ,pp. 57-70, 2020.

12. [9] Yang, Yang, et al. "A circularly polarized rectenna array based on substrate integrated waveguide structure with harmonic suppression." IEEE antennas and wireless propagation letters 17.4 pp. 684-688, 2018. [10] Muhammad, Surajo , et al. "Efficient quad-band RF energy harvesting rectifier for wireless power communications." AEU-International Journal of Electronics and Communications 139 : pp 153927, 2021. [11] Roy, Sunanda, et al. "Quad-band rectenna for ambient radio frequency (RF) energy harvesting." Sensors 21.23: 7838, 2021. [12] Adam, I.; Malek, M.F.A.; Yasin, M.N.M.; Rahim, H.A, “Double band microwave rectifier for energy harvesting”. Microw . Opt. Technol. Lett, vol. 58, pp. 922–927, 2016. [13] K. Niotaki , A. Georgiadis, A. Collado , and J. S. Vardakas, ‘‘Dual-band resistance compression networks for improved rectifier performance,’’ IEEE Trans. Microw . Theory Techn ., vol. 62, no. 12, pp. 3512–3521, Dec. 2014. [14] D. Wang and R. Negra, ‘‘Design of a dual-band rectifier for wireless power transmission,’’ in Proc. IEEE Wireless Power Transf. (WPT), May 2013, pp. 127–130. [15] Eidaks J, Kusnins R, Babajans R, Cirjulina D, Semenjako J, Litvinenko A, “Fast and Accurate Approach to RF-DC Conversion Efficiency Estimation for Multi-Tone Signals”. Sensors. vol. 22, pp. 787, 2022. [16] Boaventura A, Collado A, Carvalho NB, Georgiadis A. Optimum behavior , “Wireless power transmission system design through behavioral models and efficient synthesis techniques”. IEEE Microwave Magazine. vol. 14, pp. 26-35, 2013. [17] C. Walsh, S. Rondineau , M. Jankovic, G. Zhao, and Z. Popovic, “A conformal 10 GHz rectenna for wireless powering of piezoelectric sensor electronics,” in Microwave Symp . Dig., IEEE MTT-S Int., pp. 143–146, 2005. 21-09-2024 Group No. 9 Design and fabrication of Voltage Doubler 12

13. [18] Wang, H., Chang, H., Sun, S., & Chen, Y, “Broadband Rectenna Design for Efficient Harvesting of Ambient Microwave Energy”. IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques, vol. 68, pp. 3972-3982, 2020. [19] K. Shafique et al., "Energy Harvesting Using a Low-Cost Rectenna for Internet of Things (IoT) Applications," IEEE Access, vol. 6, pp 30932–30941, 2018. [20] J. Tissier and M. Latrach , "A 900/1800 MHz dual-band high- efficienc rectenna," Microwave and Optical Technology Letters, John Wiley and Sons Inc., May 01, 2019. [21] A. M. Baranov, S. Akbari, D. Spirjakin, A. Bragar, and A. Karelin, "Feasibility of RF energy harvesting for wireless gas sensor nodes,“ Sensors Actuators, A Phys., vol. 275, pp. 37–43, Jun. 2018. [22] R. L. R. Da Silva, S. T. M. Goncalves, C. Vollaire, A. Breard, G. L. Ramos, and C. G. Do Rego, "Analysis and optimization of ultra- lowpower rectifier with high efficiency for applications in wireless power transmission and energy harvesting," J. Microwaves, Optoelectron . Electromagn . Appl., vol. 19, no. 1, pp. 60–85, 2020. [23] J. Janhunen , K. Mikhaylov, J. Petajajarvi , and M. Sonkki , "Wireless energy transfer powered wireless sensor node for green IoT: Design, implementation and evaluation," Sensors (Switzerland), vol. 19, no. 1, 2019. 21-09-2024 Group No. 9 Design and fabrication of Voltage Doubler 13

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