Final Seminar PPT on Hybrid Electric Vehicle.pptx

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1. Hybrid Electric Vehicle & Energy Management System IIT Kharagpur Advance Technology Development Center Presented by Mohd Ali Shamsi (24AT62R02) Muhammed Shabin (24AT62R08) Ujjal Ghosh (24AT62R01) Submitted as a part of Fulfillment Of Seminar Presentation Nov - 2024 1

2. 2 Nov - 2024 2 Content Why EV? Types of EV Intro to HEV HEV Vs EV Market Trend Government Policies Top Manufacturers of HEV Types of HEV: Degree of Hybridisation HEV Types: Based on Architecture Fuel Economy and Emission of HEV. Introduction to EMS Rule-Based Energy Management Strategy Battery State of Charge Management HEV Operation Modes PI Control for Low-Level Management Hybrid Excavators Conclusion. References.

3. 3 Nov - 2024 3 Why EV ? No harmful emissions More Efficient Renewable Energy Resource Regenerative braking Less Running Cost Less Moving Parts Less noise and smoother motion Low maintenance Better overall efficiency

4. 4 M. R. Khalid, I. A. Khan, S. Hameed, M. S. J. Asghar and J. Ro, "A Comprehensive Review on Structural Topologies, Power Levels, Energy Storage Systems, and Standards for Electric Vehicle Charging Stations and Their Impacts on Grid," in IEEE Access, vol. 9, pp. 128069-128094, 2021, doi: 10.1109/ACCESS.2021.3112189. Nov - 2024 4 2. Types of EVs BEV HEV Grid Supply PHEV Grid Supply

5. 5 Nov - 2024 5 Intro to HEV A hybrid electric vehicle (HEV) is typically described as a vehicle that combines an internal combustion engine with an electric propulsion system. This combination allows the vehicle to utilize both conventional fuels and electric power to optimize performance, reduce fuel consumption increase travelling range, and lower emissions. HEVs may have various configurations, including series, parallel, or series-parallel, which dictate how the electric motor and internal combustion engine work together. HEVs are designed to minimize emissions compared to traditional vehicles, contributing to a more sustainable transportation solution.

6. 6 Nov - 2024 6 2. HEV Vs EVs FEATURES HYBRID ELECTRIC VEHICLE BATTERY ELECTRIC VEHICLE Power Source Combination of internal combustion engine and electric motor Powered entirely by electricity stored in a battery Emissions Lower emissions than conventional vehicles Zero emissions Driving Range Generally longer range due to gasoline engine Limited range Charging infrastructure Less dependent on charging stations Dependent on charging stations Initial cost Generally lower than EVs but higher than conventional vehicles Usually higher upfront costs due to battery technology Maintenance costs Moderate; more complex due to dual powertrain Typically lower, but battery replacement can be costly https://blog.carnex.ca/bev-vs-hev-vs-phev-vs-fcev-whats-the-difference/

7. 7 Mordor Intelligence https://www.mordorintelligence.com/industry-reports/india-hybrid-vehicles-market . Nov - 2024 7 Market Trend In HEV

8. 8 https://e-amrit.niti.gov.in/national-level-policy Nov - 2024 8 Government Policies for HEV FAME – I & II National Level FAME, or Faster Adoption and Manufacturing of (Hybrid and) Electric vehicles, is currently India’s flagship scheme for promoting electric mobility It was launched by DHI in 2015. Currently in Second Phase.

9. 9 https://e-amrit.niti.gov.in/national-level-policy Nov - 2024 9 Government Policies for HEV Production-Linked Incentive (PLI) Scheme: National Level Budgetary outlay of Rupee 25,938 crore for a period of 5 years (FY2022-23 to FY2026-27). Supports the local production of EV components, including those used in hybrids, with incentives provided for companies that invest in domestic manufacturing of advanced automotive technologies Union Cabinet approved the PLI-Auto Scheme on 15.09.2021

10. 10 https://e-amrit.niti.gov.in/state-level-policies Nov - 2024 10 Government Policies for HEV Electric Vehicle Policy 2021 Power Department Government of West Bengal India State Level – West Bengal Target to have 1,00,000 public, semi-public charging stations during the policy implementation. Target is to have 10 lakh EVs, combined across all segment of vehicles, during the policy implementation.

11. 11 Nov - 2024 11 Top HEV manufacturers TOYOTA CAMRY HYBRID HONDA ACCORD HYBRID TATA NEXON EV KIA NIRO 1.Toyota Camry Hybrid, RAV4 Hybrid, Highlander Hybrid. 2.Honda Honda Insight, Honda Accord Hybrid, Honda CR-V Hybrid. 3.TATA Motors Tata Nexon EV, Tata Punch EV 4.Kia Kia Niro and Kia Sorento Hybrid 5.Benz Benz C-Class and E-Class hybrids 6.BMW BMW 3 Series and X5 xDrive45e

12. 12 Nov - 2024 12 2. Types of HEV: Degree of hybribisation A full hybrid (FHEV) can run on just the combustion engine, the electric engine , or a combination. The Toyota Prius is the most commonly known example of this. A full hybrid is not plugged in to recharge; the battery is recharged by running the combustion engine.​ A mild hybrid EV has an electric motor and combustion engine which always work together. An example of this is the Honda Accord Hybrid. Mild hybrids cannot run in just electric or just combustion engine mode; the engines/motors always work in parallel.​ A plug-in hybrid (PHEV), as the name suggests, requires plugging into the mains in order to fully recharge its battery. PHEVs can be run in just electric mode. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780128237939000103

13. 13 Source : https://www.youtube.com/watch?app=desktop&v=47U1g4ChVkM Nov - 2024 13 HEV Types: Based on Architecture

14. 14 M. Kebriaei, A. H. Niasar and B. Asaei, "Hybrid electric vehicles: An overview," 2015 International Conference on Connected Vehicles and Expo (ICCVE), Shenzhen, China, 2015, pp. 299-305, doi: 10.1109/ICCVE.2015.84. Nov - 2024 14 Series HEV How It Works? The ICE generates power for the electric motor by charging the battery. The electric motor, drawing power either from the battery or directly from the generator, drives the wheels. Regenerative braking is often used to capture energy and recharge the battery during braking. Advantages Efficiency in Low-Speed, Stop-and-Go Driving Reduced Emissions Simplicity in Powertrain:

15. 15 Nov - 2024 15 Series HEV Application City and Stop-and-Go Driving : series hybrids are ideal for urban environments, where vehicles experience a lot of low-speed driving, idling, and braking. Transit Buses and Delivery Trucks: These vehicles benefit from the fuel efficiency and regenerative braking, which help reduce fuel costs and emissions in frequent stop-and-go traffic. Maruti Suzuki Swift Hybrid https://www.carwale.com/news/new-maruti-swift-12-litre-hybrid-petrol-engine-specifications-revealed/ Nova Bus with BAE System Powertrain https://truckandbusbuilder.com/article/2022/10/07/more-than-a-decade-of-partnership-between-nova-bus-and-bae-systems-delivers-zero-emission-buses-to-texas

16. 16 Source : https://www.youtube.com/watch?app=desktop&v=47U1g4ChVkM Nov - 2024 16 Parallel HEV How It Works? The ICE can drive the wheels directly, especially at higher speeds where it’s more efficient. The electric motor assists the ICE during acceleration, provides a power boost, or takes over at low speeds for better fuel efficiency. The vehicle can switch seamlessly between using the ICE, the electric motor, or both, depending on the driving conditions. Advantages Efficiency in Highway Driving Lower Battery Demand More Power and Faster Acceleration

17. 17 Nov - 2024 17 Parallel HEV Application Highway and Long-Distance Travel : Parallel hybrids are efficient for highway driving and continuous-speed applications where the ICE can run at optimal speed. Passenger Cars and SUVs: Popular in family and passenger vehicles that require both efficiency and power, especially for longer commutes or highway driving. BMW X5 xDrive45e https://www.press.bmwgroup.com/global/article/detail/T0284608EN/electrifying-power-for-supreme-driving-pleasure:-the-new-bmw-x5-xdrive45e?language=en Kia Niro Hybrid https://www.kia.com/us/en/niro M. Kebriaei, A. H. Niasar and B. Asaei, "Hybrid electric vehicles: An overview," 2015 International Conference on Connected Vehicles and Expo (ICCVE), Shenzhen, China, 2015, pp. 299-305, doi: 10.1109/ICCVE.2015.84.

18. 18 Source : https://www.youtube.com/watch?app=desktop&v=47U1g4ChVkM Nov - 2024 18 Series-Parallel HEV Some HEVs use a series-parallel or combined configuration that allows them to switch between series and parallel modes, taking advantage of both configurations as needed. These are more complex but provide efficiency in both city and highway driving M. Kebriaei, A. H. Niasar and B. Asaei, "Hybrid electric vehicles: An overview," 2015 International Conference on Connected Vehicles and Expo (ICCVE), Shenzhen, China, 2015, pp. 299-305, doi: 10.1109/ICCVE.2015.84.

19. 19 Nov - 2024 19 Series-Parallel HEV Application Flexible Efficiency Optimization: The vehicle can operate in series mode during low speeds or stop-and-go traffic. At higher speeds, it can switch to parallel mode, which is more efficient for highway driving. Effective Use of Regenerative Braking: Since Parallel Hybrids are better for Highway driving but they are less efficient when comes to regenerative braking. Thus this is enhanced in the series-parallel HEV. Kia Sorento Hybrid https://www.kia.com/us/en/sorento-hybrid Lexus RX 450h https://www.kia.com/us/https://www.lexus.com/models/RX-hybrid M. Kebriaei, A. H. Niasar and B. Asaei, "Hybrid electric vehicles: An overview," 2015 International Conference on Connected Vehicles and Expo (ICCVE), Shenzhen, China, 2015, pp. 299-305, doi: 10.1109/ICCVE.2015.84.

20. 20 Source : https://www.youtube.com/watch?app=desktop&v=47U1g4ChVkM Nov - 2024 20 Comparison in HEV Type Feature Series HEV Parallel HEV Power Flow ICE powers generator, motor drives wheels ICE and motor both drive wheels Fuel Efficiency Optimized for city driving Optimized for highway driving Battery Usage Higher dependence on battery Lower battery usage Best For Stop-and-go, city traffic Continuous-speed, highway travel Typical Applications City buses, delivery trucks, urban taxis Passenger cars, SUVs, highway vehicles M. Kebriaei, A. H. Niasar and B. Asaei, "Hybrid electric vehicles: An overview," 2015 International Conference on Connected Vehicles and Expo (ICCVE), Shenzhen, China, 2015, pp. 299-305, doi: 10.1109/ICCVE.2015.84.

21. 21 A. R. Salisa , N. Zhang and J. G. Zhu, "A Comparative Analysis of Fuel Economy and Emissions Between a Conventional HEV and the UTS PHEV," in IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology, vol. 60, no. 1, pp. 44-54, Jan. 2011, doi : 10.1109/TVT.2010.2091156. Nov - 2024 21 Fuel economy and emissions of HEV Fuel economy and emissions are existing challenges for HEVs ,since it is powered from more than one source.it depends on degree of hybridization. Fuel economy and emissions in PHEV can be minimized by proper distribution of torque between electric motor and IC engines.​ There should be a proper Energy management system for Switching between motor and engine to improve efficiency and reduce emissions while the performance of EV isn’t affected. Advanced algorithms analyze data from various sensors (e.g., vehicle speed, acceleration, battery status) to make real-time decisions about energy distribution and management.

22. What is EMS? Optimizes energy use in EVs Monitors battery SOC, fuel efficiency, and torque Key to improving vehicle performance and reducing energy loss Two Main Types: Rule Based EMS: Deterministic and Fuzzy logic controllers Optimization Based EMS: Dynamic programming, Pontryagin’s minimum principle (PMP), Predictive Control Method (PCM) Introduction to Energy Management Systems (EMS) Nov - 2024 22

23. Hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) have emerged as a crucial solution to reduce fossil fuel consumption and carbon dioxide emissions in the transportation sector. This presentation explores an advanced energy management strategy for series-parallel HEVs, combining a rule-based approach with PI control. We'll delve into the intricacies of the control system, examining how it optimizes power distribution between the internal combustion engine (ICE), electric motor, and generator to maximize efficiency and minimize emissions. Energy Management for Hybrid Electric Vehicles: Rule-Based Strategy and PI Control S. Verma et al., “A comprehensive review on energy storage in hybrid electric vehicle,” Journal of Traffic and Transportation Engineering (English Edition), vol. 8, no. 5, pp. 621–637, Oct. 2021, doi : 10.1016/j.jtte.2021.09.001. Nov - 2024 23

24. Series-parallel HEVs offer a versatile powertrain configuration that combines the benefits of both series and parallel hybrid systems. This architecture allows for multiple power flow paths, enabling the vehicle to operate in various modes depending on driving conditions and battery state of charge (SOC). ICE Power Flow The internal combustion engine can directly drive the wheels or generate electricity through the generator. Electric Motor Power Flow The electric motor can propel the vehicle independently or assist the ICE for additional power. Regenerative Braking Kinetic energy is captured during deceleration and braking, converted to electricity, and stored in the battery. Series-Parallel HEV Architecture F. Zhang, L. Wang, S. Coskun, H. Pang, Y. Cui, and J. Xi, “Energy management strategies for hybrid electric vehicles: Review, classification, comparison, and outlook,” Energies, vol. 13, no. 13, 2020, doi : 10.3390/en13133352. Nov - 2024 24

25. The rule-based energy management strategy serves as the brain of the HEV, making real-time decisions on power distribution among the ICE, electric motor, and generator. This strategy is built upon key parameters such as battery SOC, ICE speed, and vehicle speed. 1 Input Parameters The control unit processes vehicle speed, SOC, brake signal, and ICE speed as inputs. 2 Decision Making Based on these inputs, the strategy determines the appropriate operating mode for the vehicle. 3 Output Control Signals Logical outputs (0 or 1) are generated to control the ICE, motor, and generator activation. Rule-Based Energy Management Strategy Y. Zou et al., “Modeling and energy management strategy research of a power-split hybrid electric vehicle,” Advances in Mechanical Engineering, vol. 12, no. 10, Oct. 2020, doi : 10.1177/1687814020962624 . Nov - 2024 25

26. 1 Optimal Operation Line (OOL) Used to find the ICE torque at a certain ICE speed by the 1-D lookup table, aiming to reduce fuel consumption. 2 Energy Flow Control Based on the operating mode and SOC, the strategy calculates and provides the required energy from the vehicle's energy sources. 3 Torque Distribution The strategy distributes torque between the ICE and motor or uses the motor only, depending on load conditions and SOC. 4 Efficiency Optimization Aims to operate the ICE at higher efficiency points by maintaining torque above 20% of maximum at set speeds and avoiding low-speed operation. Rule-Based Strategy Implementation D. Fernández, “Model building and energy efficient control of a series-parallel plug-in hybrid electric vehicle,” Chalmers University of Technology, 2016. Nov - 2024 26

27. To maximize fuel efficiency, the energy management strategy employs an Optimal Operation Line (OOL) for the internal combustion engine. This approach ensures that the ICE operates at its most efficient points across various speed ranges. OOL Definition The OOL represents the most efficient torque output for a given engine speed, typically determined through extensive testing and modeling. Implementation A 1-D lookup table is used to find the optimal ICE torque at a specific engine speed, guiding the control strategy decisions. Efficiency Gains By operating along the OOL, the HEV can significantly reduce fuel consumption and emissions compared to conventional vehicles. Optimal Operation Line for ICE Efficiency D. Jelaska , M. Perkušić , S. Podrug , and V. Tvrdić , “A novel approach to energy management strategy for hybrid electric vehicles,” SAE International Journal of Commercial Vehicles, vol. 14, no. 2, Feb. 2021, doi : 10.4271/02-14-02-0010. Nov - 2024 27

28. Effective management of the battery's state of charge (SOC) is crucial for maintaining optimal HEV performance and longevity. The energy management strategy divides SOC into five distinct levels, each triggering specific operational behaviors. SOC Level Operational Behavior SOC < 10% ICE operates solely to charge the battery 10% < SOC < 30% ICE charges battery and drives vehicle; motor use limited 30% < SOC < 80% Optimal operating range; flexible use of ICE and motor 80% < SOC < 90% Battery charging through regenerative braking only SOC > 90% No additional battery charging allowed Battery State of Charge Management Y. Wang, X. Jiao, Z. Sun, and P. Li, “Energy management strategy in consideration of battery health for PHEV via stochastic control and particle swarm optimization algorithm,” Energies, vol. 10, no. 11. 2017, doi : 10.3390/en10111894. Nov - 2024 28

29. Mode Description Single-mode Either ICE or electric motor contributes to propulsion or battery charging Motor_Mode Electric motor alone propels the vehicle Generator_Mode Electric motor works as a generator during deceleration or braking Charging_Mode ICE charges batteries while vehicle is stationary Combined-mode Both ICE and electric motor contribute to propulsion and/or charging Single source_mode ICE generates power for propulsion and possibly battery charging Double source_mode Both ICE and electric motor provide power for propulsion The energy management strategy employs various operating modes to optimize vehicle performance and efficiency. These modes are categorized into single-mode and combined-mode operations, each serving specific purposes based on driving conditions and energy demands. HEV Operation Modes R. R. Gugale , M. Student, and T. U. Kaiserslautern, “Rule based energy management strategy for a parallel mild hybrid electric vehicle,” Seminar Electromobility Ss 2017, no. July, pp. 0–6, 2018 Nov - 2024 29

30. The low-level control system utilizes Proportional-Integral (PI) controllers to manage the speed of both the ICE and electric motor. PI control offers a balance of fast response and steady-state error elimination, crucial for smooth HEV operation. 1 Error Calculation The difference between the setpoint and actual speed is computed as the error signal. 2 Proportional Action Provides an immediate response proportional to the current error. 3 Integral Action Accumulates past errors to eliminate steady-state offset. 4 Control Output The combined P and I actions generate the control signal for the ICE or motor. PI Control for Low-Level Management A. E. Trippe, R. Arunachala, T. Massier , A. Jossen , and T. Hamacher , “Charging optimization of battery electric vehicles including cycle battery aging,” in IEEE PES Innovative Smart Grid Technologies Conference Europe, 2015, pp. 1–6, doi : 10.1109/ISGTEurope.2014.7028735. Nov - 2024 30

31. The presented energy management strategy for hybrid electric vehicles combines the strengths of rule-based control with optimized PI controllers. This approach offers a robust and efficient solution for maximizing fuel economy and reducing emissions in series-parallel HEVs. 1 Key Achievements Successful integration of rule-based strategy with low-level PI control, optimized using PSO for enhanced performance. 2 Efficiency Gains Demonstrated improvements in fuel consumption and overall system response through simulation and testing. 3 Future Research Exploration of adaptive control strategies and machine learning techniques to further optimize HEV energy management. 4 Real-World Implementation Next steps involve rigorous real-world testing and refinement for commercial deployment in next-generation HEVs. Future Directions A. R. Salisa , N. Zhang and J. G. Zhu, "A Comparative Analysis of Fuel Economy and Emissions Between a Conventional HEV and the UTS PHEV," in IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology, vol. 60, no. 1, pp. 44-54, Jan. 2011, doi : 10.1109/TVT.2010.2091156. Nov - 2024 31

32. 32 M. Abul Masrur, "Hybrid and Electric Vehicle (HEV/EV) Technologies for Off-Road Applications," in  Proceedings of the IEEE , vol. 109, no. 6, pp. 1077-1093, June 2021, doi: 10.1109/JPROC.2020.3045721 32 Hybrid Excavators Propulsion Significance of Swing and Arm Movement than Travelling. Needs Short Duration burst of High Power. The requirements are achieved with efiicient results than Conventional by Electrification of Vehicle. Heavy Digging Light Digging Nov - 2024

33. 33 M. Abul Masrur, "Hybrid and Electric Vehicle (HEV/EV) Technologies for Off-Road Applications," in  Proceedings of the IEEE , vol. 109, no. 6, pp. 1077-1093, June 2021, doi: 10.1109/JPROC.2020.3045721 Sep - 2024 33 Hybrid Excavators HEV Architecture of Excavators

34. 34 M. Abul Masrur, "Hybrid and Electric Vehicle (HEV/EV) Technologies for Off-Road Applications," in  Proceedings of the IEEE , vol. 109, no. 6, pp. 1077-1093, June 2021, doi: 10.1109/JPROC.2020.3045721 34 Hybrid Excavators Nov - 2024

35. 35 35 Hybrid Excavators Volvo EC300E Hybrid, 3200kg, 189kW Source : https://www.volvoce.com/europe/en/products/excavators/ec300e-hybrid/ Komatsu HB365LC/NLC-3 Hybrid, 3600kg, 202kW Source : https://www.volvoce.com/europe/en/products/excavators/ec300e-hybrid/ KOBELCO SK80H, 8000kg, 400kW Source : https://www.kobelco-in.com/products/sk80h/ Nov - 2024

36. 36 36 Conclusion The impact of HEV is prominently less on the environment as compared to IC. There are several major factor where pure EV lacks which could be overcome by use of HEV. The Electrification of Off Road Vehicle is on the Ramp. There is a need for Improvement in Battery Technologies. Integration of Renewable Energy ( Most Probably Solar ) is required to develop a better and more efficient Energy Management System. Nov - 2024

37. 37 37 References [1] M. Abul Masrur , "Hybrid and Electric Vehicle (HEV/EV) Technologies for Off-Road Applications," in  Proceedings of the IEEE , vol. 109, no. 6, pp. 1077- 1093, June 2021, doi : 10.1109/JPROC.2020.3045721. [2] A. R. Salisa , N. Zhang and J. G. Zhu, "A Comparative Analysis of Fuel Economy and Emissions Between a Conventional HEV and the UTS PHEV," in IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology, vol. 60, no. 1, pp. 44-54, Jan. 2011, doi : 10.1109/TVT.2010.2091156. [3] S. G, M. N. A, S. M. K, M. P. S, G. C and S. R, "An Energy Management Strategy in Hybrid Electric Vehicles: The Present and The Future Scenario," 2023 2nd International Conference on Advancements in Electrical, Electronics, Communication, Computing and Automation (ICAECA), Coimbatore, India, 2023, pp. 1-5, doi : 10.1109/ICAECA56562.2023.10200140. [4] M. Kebriaei , A. H. Niasar and B. Asaei , "Hybrid electric vehicles: An overview," 2015 International Conference on Connected Vehicles and Expo (ICCVE), Shenzhen, China, 2015, pp. 299-305, doi : 10.1109/ICCVE.2015.84. Nov - 2024

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