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1. People Education Society Polytechnic Aurangabad SLOW SAND AND FILITER GUIDED BY: PROF. SUVARAN TAWARE PRESENTED BY:- SHAIKH KHIZAR (23511960082) SHAIKH ARFAT (23511960071) TANMAY REDDY (2214970070) PIYUSH INGLE (2214970115) RAHUL MHAISMALE (2214970073)

2. Team Member NO. NAME ROLL.NO 1 SHAIKH ARFAT 525 2 ZEESHAN AHMED 526 3 SALVE PAYAL 527 4 SHAIKH KHIZAR 528 5 INGLE PIYUSH 529 6 UMER QUAIDRI 530 7 REDDY TANMAY 531 8 MHAISMALE RAHUL 532 9 SHEJUL SWAPNIL 533 10 SHRUTI SHINDE 534 11 KOTHMIRE SAHIL 535 12 KHANDARE SOHAM 536

3. CONTENT Materials of slow sand and filter Filtration Filter Materials Filtration:- Screening and sedimentation removes a large percentage of the suspended solids and organic matter present in raw supplies. And the resultant water will not be free from impurities, and may contain some very fine suspended particles and bacteria present in it. Filter Materials:- Sand: The primary filter media. It's typically fine sand with an effective size of 0.15-0.35 mm and a uniformity coefficient of less than 3. The sand layer is quite deep, usually 0.75 to 1.2 meters. Gravel: Supports the sand layer and allows filtered water to flow freely to the underdrain system. Gravel is layered with decreasing size from bottom to top. Underdrain System: Collects the filtered water. It can be made of perforated pipes, porous concrete, or other suitable materials

4. INTRODUCTION What is slow sand filtration: Slow sand filtration (SSF) isa water treatment process that uses layers of sand to remove contaminants from water. It's a low-cost, biological method that's effective at removing turbidity, pathogens, and other contaminants. How it works: Water slowly passes through the sand, and the schmutzdecke removes contaminants like bacteria, viruses, and suspended solids. Key benefits: Produces high-quality drinking water Environmentally friendly Simple to operate Cost-effective Ideal for: Small communities, rural areas, and developing countries with limited resources.

5. THEORY OF FILTRATION The filters purify water under four different processes, as summarized below: Mechanical straining: Particles larger than filter pores are physically trapped. Flocculation/sedimentation: Small particles clump and settle, easing filtration. Biological metabolism: Microbes consume pollutants within the filter. Electrolytic changes: Charged particles adhere to the filter medium.

6. TYPES OF FILTERS Slow Sand Filters: Use a biological layer on fine sand, offering high-quality water through slow percolation. Rapid Sand Filters: Employ coarser sand and backwashing, providing faster filtration rates for larger volumes. Pressure Filters: Enclosed systems using pressure to force water through filter media, suitable for industrial applications.

7. SLOW SAND FILTERS Early forms of sand filtration were used in ancient times, with evidence found in ancient India. The modern era of slow sand filters began in the early 19th century in Scotland and England. James Simpson built the first municipal slow sand filter in London in 1829, to filter water from the river Thames. They became widely used in the 19th century to combat waterborne diseases like cholera and typhoid. Though usage declined with the rise of faster filtration methods and chlorination, slow sand filters remain a valuable, low-tech water purification option, especially in developing nations and for small communities

8. CONSTRUCATION OF SLOW SAND FILTER Enclosure tank: Holds the filter media and water, usually concrete or masonry. Filter media: Fine sand layer where biological purification occurs, supported by gravel. Base material: Graded gravel layers, providing support and preventing sand loss. Under drainage system: Pipes or tiles collect filtered water, ensuring even flow. Inlet and outlet arrangements: Control water flow, maintaining a constant water level.

9. OPERATION OF SLOW SAND FILTER The effluent from the sedimentation tank is allowed to enter the inlet chamber of the filter unit and get distributed uniformly over the filter bed. The water percolates through the filter media and gets purified. Through gravels, the water comes out as filtered water. It gets collected in the layers through the open joints, which into the main drain. The main drain finally discharges into the filtered water well.

10. LIMITATIONS TO OPERATION The water entering the slow sand filter should not be treated by coagulants. The depth of water on the filter should also be decided and should not be allowed to under go large variations. The filter head is generally limited to 0.7 to 1.2m.

11. CLEANING OF SLOW SAND FILTER For cleaning slow sand filters, lot of manual labour is required and also small quantities of wash waters are needed The cleaning is done by A) scrapping and removing the 1.5 to 3cm of top sand layer and B) The amount of wash water required is very small, for filtering Cleaning is repeated until the sand depth is reduced to about 40cm or so. The interval between two successive cleanings, depends upon A) Nature of impurities and B) Size of filter media This interval normal ranges between one to three months.

12. SLOW SAND FILTERS Rate of Filtration: The rate of filtration for slow sand filters ranges between 100 to 200 litres /hour/ sq. m. of filter area. Efficiency and Performance: Highly efficient in removing bacteria and suspended matter, and also removes colours and turbidity up to 50 mg/l The extent of bacteria removal is up to 98 to 99% Advantages : High water quality: removes a wide range of contaminants, including bacteria, viruses, and parasites. Low maintenance: requires minimal operator skill and intervention. Disadvantages: Because of their smaller rate of filtration, they require huge surface areas, and large volumes of filtering materials This makes them costly and uneconomical

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