Fingerprint Classification

This presentation gives information about the classification of fingerprint that are useful in Forensic Investigation

1. CLASSIFICATION OF FINGERPRIENT(s) Presented By Bhupeshkumar M.V. Nanhe Deptt . Of Criminology & Forensic Science, Dr. Harisingh Gour Vishwavidyalaya , Sagar , (M.P.)

2. What is Fingerprints The reproduction of patterns of friction ridges on the distal phalanges of fingers and thumbs are called FINGERPRINTs . The scientific study of fingerprint is called as Dactyloscopy .

3. Types of fingerprints Latent Fingerprints / Invisible Fingerprint. Patent Fingerprint/Visible Fingerprint. Plastic Fingerprint

4. Patterns of Fingerprints Arch a) Plain arch b) Tented arch Loop a) Radial loop b) Ulnar loop

5. Whorl a)Spiral whorl b)Concentric whorl Composite a)Central pocket loop b)Lateral pocket loop c)Twin loop d)Accidental

6. Primary Classification of FINGERPRINTs. This classification was given by Sir Edward Richard Henry . This classification also known as 10 Digit classification. This classification is used for maintaining the record of each and every criminal .

7. To arrive at the Primary classification, first step will be dividing the patterns into numerical and non-numerical patterns. Numerical Patterns :- Whorls & Composites Non-numerical Pattern :- Arches & Loops (If the pattern identified comes under the numerical pattern group then the value assigned will be taken into account otherwise taken as ‘0’ ) Primary Classification of FINGERPRINTs.

8. Assign number to each fingers. Number starts from right thumb to left little finger . Primary Classification of FINGERPRINTs. RT 1 RI 2 RM 3 RR 4 RL 5 LT 6 LI 7 LM 8 LR 9 LL 10

9. Pairing of two fingers and assign the numerical values to the patterns. Primary Classification of FINGERPRINTs. RT 16 RI 16 RM 8 RR 8 RL 4 LT 4 LI 2 LM 2 LR 1 LL 1

10. Formula for Primary classification :- P.C. = sum of even no. of finger(s) +1 sum of odd no. of finger(s) +1 P.C. = 2 + 4 + 6 + 8 + 10 +1 1 + 3 + 5 + 7 + 9 + 1 Primary Classification of FINGERPRINTs.

11. Primary Classification of FINGERPRINTs. For example :- we have the following pattern(s) & their assigned numerical value(s). 1 W (16) 2 L (0) 3 A (0) 4 L (0) 5 W (4) 6 W (4) 7 L (0) 8 A (0) 9 L (0) 10 L (0)

12. Primary Classification of FINGERPRINTs. P.C. = Numerator 2 (0) + 4 (0) + 6 (4) + 8 (0) + 10 (0) +1 Denominator 1 (16) + 3 (0) + 5 (4) + 7 (0) + 9 (0) +1 = 0 + 0 + 4 + 0 + 0 + 1 16 + 0 + 4 + 0 + 0 +1 = 5 21 Maximum value :- 32/32 Minimum value :- 1/1

13. Secondary cla ssification Given By- Hem C handra B ose Azizul Hague Sir Edward Henry It subdivides large group of classification of fingerprints In this, the patterns which appears on index finger of both right and left hand are considered It consists of capital letter symbols for patterns of two index fingers The right index finger symbol should be taken at numerator & t he left one at denominator

14. The nine basic patterns on index fingers can be- Arch- a)Plain Arch(A) b) Tented Arch(T ) Loop- a) Ulnar Loop(U ) b) Radial Loop(R ) Whorl(W) Composite- a)Central pocket loop b ) Lateral pocket loop(S) c ) Twin Loop(S) d ) Accidental(X)

15. Formula:- Secondary Classification=Right Index Left Index Example:- Consider, the pattern found on right index finger is whorl and on left index finger is ulnar loop. So, secondary classification for above example is, S.C= RI LI = W U

16. SuB – Secondary classification It subdivides large group of fingerprint having primary and secondary classification. This classification is applicable for whorl and loop patterns. It is represented by symbols I(Inner type), M(Meeting type), O(Outer type) which are given to the Index, Middle and Ring finger of right hand in numerator and same for left hand finger by ridge tracing in loop . The symbols I, M & O are derived from the ridge tracing of whorl appearing on Index, Middle and Ring finger. In case of loop pattern, Index, Middle and Ring finger are denoted by I, M and R.

17. For index finger- If the ridge count is :- 1 to 5, then I type 6 to 12, then M type 13 and above , then O type For middle finger- If the ridge count is :- 1 to 6,then I type 7 to 13, then M type 14 and above , then O type For ring finger- If the ridge count is :- 1 to 7, then I type 8 to 14, then M type 15 and above, then O type SuB – Secondary classification

18. Formula:- Sub-secondary classification = I M R (right hand) I M R (left hand) Example:- Consider, for right hand ridge count for index finger, middle finger and ring finger have ridge count 4, 9, 14 and for left hand ridge count for index, middle and ring finger have ridge count 8, 18, 3 then, SS.C = <I> <M> <R> <I> <M> <R> = I M M M O I M O I

19. The Battley Single Digit Classification

20. FEATURES : Most practical and accurate method of handling single fingerprint. Uses a special magnifying glass with a recticles. Chance prints found at crime scene can be classified easily.

21. Battley classification requires use of magnifying lens Reticule with a dot at its centre Concentric circles around the dots with radii of 3,5,7,9,11,13 and 15 mms. Letters starting from A and reading outwards mark the area of each circle.

22. Procedure : Prints of one finger are filed on 3”X5” sized card. Firstly, patterns are divided according to general pattern types. Then they are subdivided according to Battley classification. The magnifying glass is placed on the core of the pattern and the area on which delta falls is noted.

23. Limitations: This classification cannot be done for Arch pattern.

24. Question(s)????

25. Thank You !!!