FIOT_Unit_2 (1)softwaredefinedradio.pptx

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1. Fundamentals of IoT Unit-II 3/26/2024 1

2. Syllabus 3/26/2024 2

3. Machine-to-Machine (M2M) • Machine-to-Machine (M2M) refers to networking of machines (or devices) for the purpose of remote monitoring and control and data exchange. 3/26/2024 3

4. Machine-to-Machine (M2M) • An M2M area network comprises of machines (or M2M nodes) which have embedded hardware modules for sensing, actuation and communication. • Various communication protocols can be used for M2M local area networks such as ZigBee , Bluetooh , ModBus , M-Bus, Wirless M-Bus, Power Line Communication (PLC), 6LoWPAN, IEEE 802.15.4, etc. • The communication network provides connectivity to remote M2M area networks. • The communication network can use either wired or wireless networks ( IPbased ). • While the M2M area networks use either proprietary or non-IP based communication protocols, the communication network uses IP-based network. 3/26/2024 4

5. M2M Network 3/26/2024 5

6. M2M gateway Since non-IP based protocols are used within M2M area networks, the M2M nodes within one network cannot communicate with nodes in an external network. • To enable the communication between remote M2M area networks M2M gateways are used. 3/26/2024 6

7. M2M gateway 3/26/2024 7

8. Difference between IoT and M2M Communication Protocols • M2M and IoT can differ in how the communication between the machines or devices happens. • M2M uses either proprietary or non-IP based communication protocols for communication within the M2M area networks. Machines in M2M vs Things in IoT • The "Things" in IoT refers to physical objects that have unique identifiers and can sense and communicate with their external environment (and user applications) or their internal physical states. • M2M systems, in contrast to IoT , typically have homogeneous machine types within an M2M area network. 3/26/2024 8

9. Difference between IoT and M2M Hardware vs Software Emphasis • While the emphasis of M2M is more hardware with embedded modules, the emphasis of IoT is more on software. Data Collection & Analysis • M2M data is collected in point solutions and often in on-premises storage infrastructure. • In contrast to M2M, the data in IoT is collected in the cloud (can be public, private or hybrid cloud). 3/26/2024 9

10. Difference between IoT and M2M Applications • M2M data is collected in point solutions and can be accessed by on-premises applications such as diagnosis applications, service management applications, and on premises enterprise applications. • IoT data is collected in the cloud and can be accessed by cloud applications such as analytics applications, enterprise applications, remote diagnosis and management applications, etc. 3/26/2024 10

11. Communication in IoT vs M2M 3/26/2024 11

12. What is Interoperability? Interoperability is a characteristic of a product or system,whose interfaces are completely understood,to work with other products or systems, present or future, in either implementation or access , with out any restrictions. Communicate meaningfully Exchange data or services 3/26/2024 12

13. Why Interoperability is Important in Context of IoT ? To fulfill the IoT objectives Physical objects can interact with any other physical objects and can share their information Any device can communicate with other devices anytime from anywhere Machine to Machine communication(M2M), Device to Device Communication (D2D), Device to Machine Communication (D2M) Seamless device integration with IoT network 3/26/2024 13

14. Why Interoperability is required? Heterogeneity Different wireless communication protocols such as ZigBee (IEEE 802.15.4), Bluetooth (IEEE 802.15.1), GPRS, 6LowPAN, and Wi-Fi (IEEE 802.11) Different wired communication protocols like Ethernet (IEEE 802.3) and Higher Layer LAN Protocols (IEEE 802.1) Different programming languages used in computing systems and websites such as JavaScript, JAVA, C, C++, Visual Basic, PHP, and Python Different hardware platforms such as Crossbow, NI, etc. 3/26/2024 14

15. Why Interoperability is required? (Contd.) Different operating systems As an example for sensor node: TinyOS , SOS, Mantis OS, RETOS, and mostly vendor specific OS As an example for personal computer: Windows, Mac, Unix, and Ubuntu Different databases: DB2, MySQL , Oracle, PostgreSQL , SQLite , SQL Server, and Sybase Different data representations Different control models Syntactic or semantic interpretations 3/26/2024 15

16. Different Types of Interoperability? User Interoperability : Interoperability problem between a user and a device Device Interoperability : Interoperability problem between two different devices 3/26/2024 16

17. Example of Device and User Interoperability Using IoT , both A and B provide a real-time security service A is placed at Delhi, India, while B is placed at Tokyo, Japan A, B, U use Hindi, Japanese, and English language, respectively User U wants real-time service of CCTV camera from the device A and B 3/26/2024 17

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19. User Interoperability The following problems need to be solved Device identification and categorization for discovery Syntactic interoperability for device interaction Semantic interoperability for device interaction 3/26/2024 19

20. Device identification and categorization for discovery There are different solutions for generating unique address Electronic Product Codes (EPC) Universal Product Code (UPC) Uniform Resource Identifier (URI) IP Addresses IPv6 3/26/2024 20

21. Device identification and categorization for discovery There are different device classification solutions United Nations Standard Products and Services Code (UNSPSC) * an open, global, multi-sector standard for efficient, accurate, flexible classification of products and services. eCl@ss ** The standard is for classification and clear description of cross-industry products 3/26/2024 21

22. Syntactic Interoperability for Device Interaction The interoperability between devices and device user in term of message formats. The message format from a device to a user is understandable for the user’s computer. On the other hand, the message format from the user to the device is executable by the device. 3/26/2024 22

23. Some popular approaches are Service-oriented Computing (SOC)-based architecture Web services RESTfulweb services Open standard protocols such as IEEE 802.15.4, IEEE 802.15.1, and WirelessHART * Closed protocols such as Z-Wave* *But these standards are incompatible with each other 3/26/2024 23

24. Middleware technology Software middleware bridge Dynamically map physical devices with different domains Based on the map, the devices can be discovered and controlled, remotely Cross-context syntactic interoperability Collaborative concept exchange Using XML syntax 3/26/2024 24

25. Semantic Interoperability for Device Interaction The interoperability between devices and device user in term of message’s meaning. The device can understand the meaning of user’s instruction that is sent from the user to the device. Similarly, the user can understand the meaning of device’s response sent from the device 3/26/2024 25

26. Semantic Interoperability for Device Interaction Some popular approaches Ontology Device ontology Physical domain ontology Estimation ontology Ontology-based solution is limited to the defined domain /context 3/26/2024 26

27. Semantic Interoperability for Device Interaction Collaborative conceptualization theory Object is defined based on the collaborative concept, which is called cosign The representation of a collaborative sign is defined as follows: cosign of a object = (A, B, C, D ), where A is a cosign internal identifier, B is a natural language, C is the context of A, and D is a definition of the object As an example of CCTV, cosign = (1234, English, CCTV, “Camera Type: Bullet, Communication: Network/IP, Horizontal Resolution: 2048 TVL”) This solution approach is applicable for different domains/contexts 3/26/2024 27

28. Device Interoperability Solution approach for device interoperability Universal Middleware Bridge (UMB) Solves seamless interoperability problems caused by the heterogeneity of several kinds of home network middleware UMB creates virtual maps among the physical devices of all middleware home networks, such as HAVI, Jini , LonWorks , and UPnP Creates a compatibility among these middleware home networks 3/26/2024 28

29. The Architecture of Universal Middleware Bridge (UMB) UMB consists UMB Core (UMB-C) UMB Adaptor (UMB-A) 3/26/2024 29

30. Device Interoperability (Contd.) UMB Core The major role of the UMB Core is routing the universal metadata message to the destination or any other UMB Adaptors by the Middleware Routing Table (MRT) . 3/26/2024 30

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32. Device Interoperability (Contd.) UMB Adaptor UMB-A converts physical devices into virtually abstracted one, as described by Universal Device Template(UDT) UDT consists of a Global Device ID, Global Function ID, Global Action ID, Global Event ID, and Global Parameters UMB Adaptors translate the local middleware’s message into global metadata’s message 3/26/2024 32

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36. Introduction to Arduino Programming 3/26/2024 36

37. Overview Background Microcontroller defined/Why Arduino's? Types of Arduino microcontrollers What To Get (Hardware and Software) Arduino C Electronic Circuits Projects Blinking light(s) Reading inputs (variable resistors) 3/26/2024 37

38. Microcontrollers – One Definition Programmers work in the virtual world. Machinery works in the physical world. How does one connect the virtual world to the physical world? Enter the microcontroller. A microcontroller is basically a small-scale computer with generalized (and programmable) inputs and outputs. The inputs and outputs can be manipulated by and can manipulate the physical world. 3/26/2024 38

39. Arduino – Official Definition Taken from the official web site (arduino.cc): Arduino is an open-source electronics prototyping platform based on flexible, easy-to-use hardware and software. It's intended for artists, designers, hobbyists, and anyone interested in creating interactive objects or environments. 3/26/2024 39

40. Why Arduino? For whatever reason, Arduino microcontrollers have become the de facto standard. Make Magazine features many projects using Arduino microcontrollers. Strives for the balance between ease of use and usefulness. Programming languages seen as major obstacle. Arduino C is a greatly simplified version of C++. Inexpensive ($35 retail). 3/26/2024 40

41. Arduino Types Many different versions Number of input/output channels Form factor Processor Leonardo Due Micro LilyPad Esplora Uno 3/26/2024 41

42. Leonardo Compared to the Uno, a slight upgrade. Built in USB compatibility Bugs? Presents to PC as a mouse or keyboard 3/26/2024 42

43. Due Much faster processor, many more pins Operates on 3.3 volts Similar to the Mega 3/26/2024 43

44. Micro When size matters: Micro, Nano, Mini Includes all functionality of the Leonardo Easily usable on a breadboard 3/26/2024 44

45. LilyPad LilyPad is popular for clothing-based projects. 3/26/2024 45

46. Esplora Game controller Includes joystick, four buttons, linear potentiometer (slider), microphone, light sensor, temperature sensor, three-axis accelerometer. Not the standard set of IO pins. 3/26/2024 46

47. Mega Compared to the Uno, the Mega: Many more communication pins More memory Some interface hardware doesn't work 3/26/2024 47

48. Arduino Uno Close Up The pins are in three groups: Invented in 2010 14 digital pins 6 analog pins power 3/26/2024 48

49. Where to Start Get an Arduino (starter kit) Download the compiler Connect the controller Configure the compiler Connect the circuit Write the program Get frustrated/Debug/Get it to work Get excited and immediately start next project (sleep is for wimps) 3/26/2024 49

50. Arduino Starter Kits Start with a combo pack (starter kit) Includes a microcontroller, wire, LED's, sensors, etc. www.adafruit.com adafruit.com/products/68 ($65) www.sparkfun.com https://www.sparkfun.com/products/11576 ($99.95) Radio Shack Make Ultimate Microcontroller Pack w/ Arduino Kit ($119.99) www.makershed.com http://www.makershed.com/Ultimate_Arduino_Microcontroller_Pack_p/msump1.htm ($150) 3/26/2024 50

51. What to Get – My Recommendation Required: Arduino (such as Uno) USB A-B (printer) cable Breadboard Hookup wire LED's Resistors Sensors Switches Good Idea: Capacitors Transistors DC motor/servo Relay Advanced: Soldering iron & solder Heat shrink tubing 9V battery adapter Bench power supply 3/26/2024 51

52. Arduino Compiler Download current compiler from: arduino.cc/en/Main/software Arrogantly refers to itself as an IDE (Ha!). Run the software installer. Written in Java, it is fairly slow. Visit playground.arduino.cc/Main/ DevelopmentTools for alternatives to the base arduino IDE 3/26/2024 52

53. Configuring the Arduino Compiler Defaults to COM1, will probably need to change the COM port setting. Appears in Device Manager (Win7) under Ports as a Comm port. 3/26/2024 53

54. Arduino Program Development Based on C++ without 80% of the instructions. A handful of new commands. Programs are called 'sketches'. Sketches need two functions: void setup( ) void loop( ) setup( ) runs first and once. loop( ) runs over and over, until power is lost or a new sketch is loaded. 3/26/2024 54

55. Arduino C Arduino sketches are centered around the pins on an Arduino board. Arduino sketches always loop. void loop( ) {} is equivalent to while(1) { } The pins can be thought of as global variables. 3/26/2024 55

56. Arduino C Specific Functions pinMode ( pin , mode ) Designates the specified pin for input or output digitalWrite ( pin , value ) Sends a voltage level to the designated pin digitalRead ( pin ) Reads the current voltage level from the designated pin analog versions of above analogRead's range is 0 to 1023 serial commands print, println , write 3/26/2024 56

57. Compiler Features Numerous sample sketches are included in the compiler Located under File, Examples Once a sketch is written, it is uploaded by clicking on File, Upload, or by pressing <Ctrl> U 3/26/2024 57

58. Arduino C is Derived from C++ avr-libc #include <avr/io.h> #include <util/delay.h> int main(void) { while (1) { PORTB = 0x20; _delay_ms(1000); PORTB = 0x00; _delay_ms(1000); } return 1; } Arduino C void setup( ) { pinMode (13, OUTPUT); } void loop( ) { digitalWrite (13, HIGH); delay(1000); digitalWrite (13, LOW); delay(1000); } These programs blink an LED on pin 13 3/26/2024 58

59. Basic Electric Circuit Every circuit (electric or electronic) must have at least a power source and a load. The simplest circuit is a light. Plug in the light, and it lights up. Unplug it, the light goes out. Electricity flows from the power source, through the load (the light) and then back to the power source. 3/26/2024 59

60. Basic LED Circuit Connect the positive (+) lead of a power source to the long leg of an LED. Connect other leg of the LED to a resistor. High resistance means a darker light. Low resistance means brighter light. No resistance means a burned out LED. Connect other leg of the resistor to the negative lead of the power source. 3/26/2024 60

61. Let the Good Times Roll! At this point we have: Purchased a starter kit, including the Arduino Connected and configured the Arduino Connected a simple LED circuit Let's write some code! 3/26/2024 61

62. Blink Sketch void setup( ) { pinMode(13, OUTPUT); } void loop( ) { digitalWrite(13, HIGH); delay(1000); digitalWrite(13, LOW); delay(1000); } Connected to one end of the circuit Connected to other end of the circuit 3/26/2024 62

63. 4 LED Blink Sketch void setup( ) { pinMode(1, OUTPUT); pinMode(3, OUTPUT); pinMode(5, OUTPUT); pinMode(7, OUTPUT); } void loop( ) { digitalWrite(1, HIGH); delay (200); digitalWrite(1, LOW); digitalWrite(3, HIGH); delay (200); digitalWrite(3, LOW); digitalWrite(5, HIGH); delay (200); digitalWrite(5, LOW); digitalWrite(7, HIGH); delay (200); digitalWrite(7, LOW); } 3/26/2024 63

64. So What? Great. Blinking lights. Not impressed. Only covered output thus far. Can use analog inputs to detect a physical phenomena. 3/26/2024 64

65. Inputs Digital inputs will come to the Arduino as either on or off (HIGH or LOW, respectively). HIGH is 5VDC. LOW is 0VDC. Analog inputs will come to the Arduino as a range of numbers, based upon the electrical characteristics of the circuit. 0 to 1023 .0049 V per digit (4.9 mV) Read time is 100 microseconds (10,000 a second) 3/26/2024 65

66. Analog Input A potentiometer (variable resistor) is connected to analog pin 0 to an Arduino. Values presented to pin 0 will vary depending upon the resistance of the potentiometer. 3/26/2024 66

67. Analog Input-Application The variable resistor can be replaced with a sensor. For example, a photo resistor. Depending upon the light level at the photo resistor: Turn on a light Increase or decrease the brightness of an LED (or an LED array) Most sensors are simply variable resistors, but vary their resistance based on some physical characteristic. 3/26/2024 67

68. “ Competitors”to the Arduino PIC controller Microcontroller programmed with C or assembler Alternatives to the Arduino line Pinguino – PIC controller MSP430 – Texas Instruments; $4.30 Others: customs, Teensy, etc. Netduino Computers Raspberry Pi BeagleBones – TI; has computer and controller 3/26/2024 68

69. Introduction to Arduino Programming 3/26/2024 69

70. C o n t e nt Operators in Arduino Control Statement Loops Arrays String Math Library Random Number Interrupts Example Program 3/26/2024 70

71. Operators Arithmetic Operators: =, +, -, *, /, % Comparison Operator: ==, !=, <, >, <=, >= Boolean Operator: &&, ||, ! Bitwise Operator: &, |, ^, ~, <<, >>, Compound Operator: ++, --, +=, -=, *=, /=, %=, |=, &= 3/26/2024 71

72. Control Statement If statement if(condition){ Statements if the condition is true ; } If…Else statement if(condition ){ Statements if the condition is true; } else{ Statements if the condition is false; } If…….Elseif…..Else if (condition1){ Statements if the condition1 is true; } else if (condition2){ Statements if the condition1 is false and condition2 is true; } else{ Statements if both the conditions are false; } 3/26/2024 72

73. Control Statement (contd..) Switch Case Switch(choice) { case opt1: statement_1; break; C ase opt2: statement_2; break; case opt3: statement_3;break; . . . case default: statement_default; break; } Conditional Operator. Val=(condition)?(Statement1): (Statement2) 3/26/2024 73

74. L o o p s For loop for(initialization; condition; increment) { Statement till the condition is true; } While loop while(condition){ Statement till the condition is true; } Do… While loop do{ Statement till the condition is true; }while(condition); 3/26/2024 74

75. Loops (contd..) Nested loop: Calling a loop inside another loop Infinite loop: Condition of the loop is always true, the loop will never terminate 3/26/2024 75

76. A r r a y s Collection of elements having homogenous datatype that are stored in adjacent memory location. The conventional starting index is 0. Declaration of array: <Datatype> array_name[size]; Ex: int arre[5]; 3/26/2024 76

77. Arrays (contd..) Alternative Declaration : int arre[]={ 0,1,2,3,4}; int arre[5]={0,1,2}; Multi-dimentional array Declaration : <Datatype> array_name[n1] [n2][n3 ]….; Ex : int arre[row][col][height]; 3/26/2024 77

78. S t r i n g Array of characters with NULL as termination is termed as a String. Declaration using Array: char str[]=“ABCD”; char str[4]; str[0]=‘A’; str[ 1 ]=‘ B’; str[ 2 ]=‘ C’; str[ 3 ]= D ; Declaration using String Object: String str=“ABC”; 3/26/2024 78

79. String (contd..) Functions of String Object: str.ToUpperCase(): change all the characters of str to upper case str.replace(str1,str2): is str1 is the sub string of str then it will be replaced by str2 str.length(): returns the length of the string without considering null 3/26/2024 79

80. Math Library To apply the math functions and mathematical constants, “ MATH.h ” header files is needed to be included. Functions: cos(double radian); sin(double radian); tan(double radian); fabs(double val); fmod(double val1, double val2); 3/26/2024 80

81. Math Library (contd..) Functions: exp(double val); log(double val); log10(double val); square(double val); pow(double base, double power); 3/26/2024 81

82. Random Number randomSeed(int v): reset the pseudo-random number generator with seed value v random(maxi)=gives a random number within the range [0,maxi] rnai,nmdaoxmi (mi ni )=gives a random number within the range [mini,maxi] 3/26/2024 82

83. Interrupts An external signal for which system blocks the current running process to process that signal Types: Hardware interrupt Software interrupt digitalPinToInterrupt(pin): Change actual digital pin to the specific interrupt number. attachInterrupt(digitalPinToInterrupt(pin), ISR, mode); ISR: a interrupt service routine have to be defined 3/26/2024 83

84. Example: Traffic Control System Requirement: Arduino Board 3 different color LEDs 330 Ohm resistors Jumper wires 3/26/2024 84

85. Example: Traffic Control System (contd..) Connection: Connect the positive terminals of the LEDs to the respective digital output pins in the board, assigned in the code. Connect the negative terminals of the LEDs to the ground 3/26/2024 85

86. Example: Traffic Control System (contd..) Sketch //LED pins int r =2; int g = 3 ; int y =4 ; void setup() { Serial.begin(9600); pinMode(r, OUTPUT); digitalWrite(r,LOW ); pinMode(g , OUTPUT); digitalWrite(g,LOW ); pinMode(y , OUTPUT); digitalWrite(y, LOW); } 3/26/2024 86

87. Example: Traffic Control System (contd..) void traffic() { digitalWrite(g, HIGH ); Serial.println (“Green LED : ON, GO”); delay(5000); digitalWrite(g, LOW ); digitalWrite(y , HIGH); Serial.println(“Green LED: OFF ; Yellow LED: ON, WAIT”); delay(5000); 3/26/2024 87

88. digitalWrite(y, LOW ); digitalWrite(r , HIGH); Serial.println(“Yellow LED: OFF ; Red LED: ON, STOP"); // delay(5000); digitalWrite(r, LOW ); Serial.println (“All OFF"); } void loop() { traffic (); delay (10000); } 3/26/2024 88

89. Example: Traffic Control System (contd..) Output: Initially, all the LEDs are turned off The LEDs are turned on one at a time with a delay of 5 seconds The message is displayed accordingly Figure showing all the LEDs turned on 3/26/2024 89

90. O u t p ut 3/26/2024 90

91. / I n t e g r a t i o n o f S e n s o r s a n d A c t u a t o r s 3/26/2024 91

92. Sensors Electronic elements Converts physical quantity/ measurements into electrical signals Can be analog or digital 3/26/2024 92

93. Types of Sensors Some commonly used sensors: Temperature Humidity Compass Light Sound Accelerometer 3/26/2024 93

94. Sensor Interface with Arduino Digital Humidity and Temperature Sensor (DHT) PIN 1, 2, 3, 4 (from left to right) PIN 1- 3.3V-5V Power supply PIN 2- Data PIN 3- Null PIN 4- Ground 3/26/2024 94

95. DHT Sensor Library Auprdpuoirntos as special library for the DHT11 and DHT22 sensors Provides function to read the temperature and humidity values from the data pin dht.readHumidity() dht.readTemperatu e () 3/26/2024 95

96. Connection Connect pin 1 of the DHT to the 3.3 V supply pin in the board Data pin (pin 2) can be connected to any digital pin, here 12 Connect pin 4 to the ground (GND) pin of the board 3/26/2024 96

97. Sketch: DHT_SENSOR Install the DHT Sensor Library Go to Sketch -> Include Library -> Manage Library 3/26/2024 97

98. Sketch: DHT_SENSOR (contd..) Search for DHT SENSOR Select the “DHT sensor library” and install it 3/26/2024 98

99. Sketch: DHT_SENSOR (contd..) //Initialize DHT sensor //Stores humidity value //Stores temperature #include <DHT.h >; DHT dht(8, DHT22); float humidity; float temperature; value void setup() { Ser i a l. b e g i n (9600) ; dht.begin(); } void loop() { //Read data from the sensor and store it to variables humidity and temperature humidity = dht.readHumidity(); temperature= dht.readTemperature(); //Print temperature and humidity values to serial monitor Serial.print("Humidity: "); Serial.print(humidity); Serial.print("%, Temperature: "); Serial.print(temperature); Serial.println(" Celsius"); delay(2000); //Delay of 2 seconds } 3/26/2024 99

100. Sketch: DHT_SENSOR (contd..) 3/26/2024 100

101. Sketch: DHT_SENSOR (contd..) Connect the board to the PC Set the port and board type Verify and upload the code 3/26/2024 101

102. Output The readings are printed at a delay of 2 seconds as specified by the delay() function 3/26/2024 102

103. Actuators Mechanical/Electro-mechanical device Converts energy into motion Mainly used to provide controlled motion to other components 3/26/2024 103

104. Basic Working Principle Uses different combination of various mechanical structures like screws, ball bearings, gears to produce motion. 3/26/2024 104

105. Types of Motor Actuators Servo motor Stepper motor Hydraulic motor Solenoid Relay AC motor 3/26/2024 105

106. Servo Motor High precision motor Provides rotary motion to 180 degree 3 wires in the Servo motor Black is Ground Red is for power supply Yellow for signal pin 3/26/2024 106

107. Servo Library on Arduino Ar udino has library to operate the servo motor -SERVO Create an instance of servo to use it in the sketch Servo myservo; 3/26/2024 107

108. Sketch: SERVO_ACTUATOR #include <Servo.h> //Including the servo library for the program int servoPin = 12; Servo ServoDemo; // Creating a servo object void setup() { // The servo pin must be attached to the servo before it can be used ServoDemo.attach(servoPin); } void loop(){ //Servo moves to degrees Se r v oD em o . wri t e ( ); delay(1000); // Servo moves to 90 degrees Se r v oD em o . wri t e ( 90 ); delay(1000); // Servo moves to 180 degrees ServoDemo.write(180); delay(1000); } 3/26/2024 108

109. Sketch: SERVO_ACTUATOR ( contd..) Create an instance of Servo The instance must be attached to the pin before being used in the code Write() function takes the degree value and rotates the motor accordingly 3/26/2024 109

110. Connection Connect the Ground of the servo to the ground of the Arduino board. Connect the power supply wire to the 5V pin of the board. Connect the signal wire to any digital output pin (we have used pin 8). 3/26/2024 110

111. Board Setup Connect the board to the PC Set the port and board type Verify and upload the code 3/26/2024 111

112. Output The motor turns 0, 90 and 180 degrees with a delay of 1 second each. 3/26/2024 112

113. Do more with the Servo library Some other functions available with the Servo library: Knob() Sweep() write() writeMicroseconds() read() attached() detach() 3/26/2024 113