Fire Protection System pdf file for mechanical

simple fire protection sysyems

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Presented by:
DrDiaelhag A. H. Khalifa
6
th
August 2025
Fire Protection System

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Introduction
Firescience
Typesoffire
Typesoffireextinguishers
Firedetectionequipment
Firefightingandextinguishingsystem
Trainingservices&maintenances
Safetymeasures
Conclusion
Contents

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Fire protectionis a study and practice of mitigating the unwanted effects of
potentially destructive fire.
Fire protection system include devices, wiring, piping equipment and controls
to detect fire or smoke, to actuate signal, and to suppress the fire or smoke.
Introduction

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Primary objective :to save lives and protect property.
Secondary objective: to minimize interruptions of services due to fire.
Objective of fire protection

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Fire is a chemical reaction initiated by presence of heat energy in which a
substance combines with oxygen in air and the process is accompanied by
emission of energy in the form of heat, light and sound.
Fire science

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Classification according to type of material under fire:
ClassAfires:involvingsolidmaterials-paper,wood,fabricsandsoon.
ClassBfires:involvingflammableliquidssuchaspetrol,oils,fats.
ClassCfires:whicharefuelledbyflammablegasessuchasnaturalgas,butane
andsoon.
ClassDfires:involvingmetalssuchasaluminumandmagnesium.
ClassEfires:inwhichliveelectricalequipmentisinvolved(sometimesknownas
electricalfires).
ClassFfires:inwhichinvolvescookingoil,&fats,suchasvegetableoil,
sunfloweroil,oliveoil,maizeoil,butter.
Classes of fires

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Waterextinguishers
Foamextinguishers
powderextinguishers
Carbondioxideextinguishers
Wetchemicalextinguishers
Types of fire extinguishers

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Principle How to Use an Extinguisher

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WaterextinguishersarethemostcommonfireextinguishertypeforclassAfire
risk.Mostpremiseswillrequireeitherwaterorfoamextinguishers.
LabelColour:
–BrightRed
Usefor:
–Organicmaterialssuchas:
-Paperandcardboard
-Fabricsandtextiles
-Woodandcoal
Donotusefor:
–Firesinvolvingelectricalequipment
–Kitchenfires
–Flammablegasandliquids
Water extinguishers

10. Powder extinguishers
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Overview:
Standard dry powder extinguishers are also called ‘ABC’ extinguishers because
they tackle class A, B and C fires, however they are not recommended for use in
enclosed spaces. This is because the powder can be easily inhaled, and also the
residue is very difficult to clean up after. ABC powder extinguishers can also be
used on some electrical fires. Specialist dry powder extinguishers are used for
flammable metals.
Label Colour:Blue

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Usefor:
Organicmaterialssuchas:
Paperandcardboard
Fabricsandtextiles
Woodandcoal
Flammableliquids,likepaintandpetrol
Flammablegases,likeliquidpetroleumgas(LPG)andacetylene
Firesinvolvingelectricalequipmentupto1000v
Specialistdrypowderextinguishersareonlyusedonflammablemetals,suchas
titaniumandmagnesium.
Donotusefor:
–Firesinvolvingcookingoil
–Firesinvolvingelectricalequipmentover1000v
–orinenclosedspaces,suchasofficesorresidentialproperties
Powder extinguishers

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FoamextinguishersaremostcommontypeoffireextinguisherforClassBfires,
butalsoworkonClassAfiresastheyarewater-based.
LabelColour:Cream
Usefor:
–Organicmaterialssuchas:
-Paperandcardboard
-Fabricsandtextiles
-Woodandcoal
–Flammableliquids,likepaintandpetrol.
Donotusefor:
–Kitchenfires.
–Firesinvolvingelectricalequipment.
–Flammablemetals.
Foam extinguishers

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CO2extinguishersarepredominantlyusedforelectricalfirerisksandareusually
themainfireextinguishertypeprovidedincomputerserverrooms.Theyalsoput
outClassBfires(flammableliquids,suchaspaintandpetroleum).
LabelColour:Black
Usefor:
–Flammableliquids,likepaintandpetrol
–Electricalfires
Donotusefor:
–Kitchenfires–especiallychip-panfires
–Combustiblematerialslikepaper,woodortextiles
–Flammablemetals
Carbon dioxide (CO2) extinguishers

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Wet chemical extinguishers are designed for use on Class F fires, involving
cooking oils and fats. They can also be used on Class A fires although it is more
usual to have a foam or water extinguisher for this type of fire risk.
Label Colour: Yellow
Use for:
–Cooking oil/fat fires
–Organic materials such as:
-Paper and cardboard
-Fabrics and textiles
-Wood and coal
Do not use for:
–Flammable liquid or gas fires
–Electrical fires
–Flammable metals
Wet chemical extinguishers

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Fire vrsextinguishers

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Amethodoffireprotectioninvolvestheconveyanceofwaterpipesto
extinguishfirewithinabuildingfallsintothefieldofplumbing.Watermay
besuppliedthroughriserpipesorstandpipes.Ariserorstandpipeswithhose
connectioninatallbuildingmaybefedfromstoragetank,frompumporfroma
mobilepumpingengineinthestreetconnectedtoabreachingor‘Siamesepost’.
Automaticsprinklersarethedevicesthatdischargewaterautomaticallywhen
thetemperatureoftheairsurroundingsprinklerreachesapredeterminedlevel.
Fireprotectioninlandbasedbuildings,offshoreconstructionoronboardshipsis
typicallyachievedviaallofthefollowing:
Fire protection

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Activefireprotection-manualandautomaticdetectionandsuppressionoffires,
suchasfireSprinklersystemsandfirealarmsystem.
Passivefireprotection-theinstallationoffirewallsandfireratedfloor
assembliestoformfirecompartmentsintendedtolimitthespreadoffire,high
temperaturesandsmoke.
Fire protection

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Heat detector
Flame detector
Smoke detector
Fire detection equipment

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Firealarmsystem
Firepumps
Automaticsprinklers
Dry&wetrisers
Hoseandhosefitting
Meansofescape
Firedoors
Watercurtains
Fire fighting & extinguishing techniques:

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Itisanintegralpartofanyfireprotectionsystem.Itissaidthatthefirstfive
minutesoffirearemostimportantthanthenextfivehours.Firecanbe
extinguishedwhenitisanincipientstage.Moreoverpeoplecanbewarnedoffire
hazardsandevacuationofthebuildingsbecomeeasy.Theheat&smokedetectors
detectfireandactuatethealarmsystem.Thesystemhelpsevacuationofthe
premisesandtobringfirefightingfacilitiesintoactionasquicklyaspossible.
Thefirealarmsystemsareprovidedintheresidentialbuildingswithheights
above15mandindustrialandcommercialbuildingswithheightabove24m.If
theheightofbuildingisabove35m.itisnecessarytohaveprovisionofheat&
smokedetectors.
Fire alarm system

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Afirepumpisakindofpumpthatispartofafireprotectionsystem’swater
supply.
Thefirepumpdeliversthewaterviathepipesystemtothefiresprinklersto
suppressthefire.
Firepumpsarepoweredbyanelectricmotororadieselengineorsometimesby
asteamturbineandcansupplyfiresprinklersstandpipes,foamsystem,water
spray/mistsystemormanycombinationofthesesystems.
Thenumberoffirepumpsinstalleddependsontheoccupancyhazardand
specificfireinstallationstandard.
Thefirepumpintakeisusuallyconnectedtotheexternalwatersupply,although
insomecasesitmay
beconnectedtoalocalwatersourcesuchasawell,tank,orbodyofwater.
Firepumpsareneededwhenthewatersupplycannotprovidesufficientpressure
tomeetthehydraulicdesignrequirementsofthefireprotectionsystem.
Firepumpsareneededifthewatersupplyisprovidedfromagroundlevelwater
storagetank.
Fire fighting pump

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Types of fire pumps
Horizontal split case
Vertical split case
Vertical inline
Vertical turbine
End suction

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Theinstallationofsprinklersystemrequiresspecialplanninginnewbuilding
designandusuallyinvolvesanextensiverenovationofanexistingbuilding.
Thesprinklersystemmaybeinstalledinthefollowingtypesofbuildingasafirst
aidassistancei.e.Apartmenthouses,clubhouses,colleges,dormitories,
hospitals,hotels,officebuildingandthebasementusedascarparking’s.
Automaticsprinklersareconnectedtoawaterdistributionsystem.Asprinkler
nozzleisclosedbyafusibleplugthatmeltsatapredeterminedtemperature,
abovenormalroomtemperature,releasingwatertofallonthesourceofheat.
sprinklershavetheadvantageofquicklysupplyingwatertofirebeforeitgain
dangerousheadwayandofpreventingtheaccessofairtothefirebysmothering
itwithwater.
Insomecasesanopenheadsprinklersystemfortheprotectionoftheinteriorof
thebuildingisprovided.
Automatic sprinkler system

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Operating Temperature
o
CIdentification Color
57 Orange
68 Red
79 Yellow
93 Green
141 Blue
182 Mauve
227/288 Black
Temperatures and identification colors of sprinklers

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Thesprinklermaybeclassifiedas:-
a)Sprinklerbasedonrelease:
Fusableelementsprinklerisopenedundertheinfluenceofheatbythemeltingof
eutecticmetalorchemical.
Glassbulbsprinklerareopenedundertheinfluenceofheatbythedestructionof
theglassbulbthroughpressureofthefluidenclosedtherein.
b)Sprinklerbasedonwaterdistribution:
Conventionalsprinkler–theconventionalsprinklerhaveasphericalwater
distributiondirectedtowardsthegroundandceilingforthedefiniteprotection
area.
Umbrellasprinkler–thesidewallsprinklerhaveaparabolicwaterdistribution
directedtowardsthegroundforadefiniteprotectionareawithsomeofwater
spraystheceiling.
Sidewallsprinkler-thesidewallsprinklerhasaonesidedhalfparabolicwater
distributiondirectedtowardsthegroundforadefiniteprotectionarea.
Sprinkler classification

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Sprinkler classification

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Adryrisersystemordrypipesystemismadeofcompletewaterdistribution
systemwithsprinklerheadorrisersandbrancheswithhydrantsthroughoutthe
buildinginwhichthereisnorunningwater.
Inthesprinklersystemthedrypipesystemisusedpartlytoprotecttheinterior
ofthebuildingsagainsthazardsofburstandleakypipetoavoidfreezingof
waterinthepipes.
Wateristurnedintowaterdistributionsystemeitherautomaticallyormanually
ontheoutbreakoffireorthesoundingofalarmgongtosmotherorextinguish
fire.
Whenthefusemeltsisduetotheheatgeneratedbyfire,watergushesinandair
exhaustedthroughthesprinklerheadquickly.
Inthepre-actionsystemwaterisadmittedtothesystembyavalveactuatedbya
thermostaticcontrolleddevicethatfunctioninadvanceofthesprinklersystem.
Thedistributionsystemislaidwithaslopeofabout1:200,sothatthecomplete
waterisdrainedoutofthesystem.
Provisionofnecessarypressuregaugesismadeonmainwatersupply,
distribution,airtank,pumps,etc.
Dry riser system

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FIG-DRY RISER
Dry riser system

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Theprovisionofwetrisersystemwhenevermadeforresidentialbuildingshould
havethefollowingfeatures:
Thewetriseraredesignedforzonaldistributionofwateraccordingtoheightof
building.
Thefirstriserupto60mheightshouldbe10cmdia.
Thesecondriserupto100mheightof15cmdia.
Thethirdriserupto150mheightof15cmdia.
Theserisersareconnectedtofirepumpsseparatelyprovidedforthispurposein
thebuildings.
Awetrisermustbeprovidedneartheenclosurestaircase.
Thepipefittingshouldbeapprovedmakeandqualitybythecompetent
authority.
Wet riser system

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Acloseupofhosecouplingusedwithpneumaticdrillsandjackhammers.Ahose
couplingisaconnectorontheendofahosetoconnectitwithanotherhoseor
withataporwithahoseappliance,suchasanirrigationsprinkler.Itisusually
madeofstainlesssteel,brass,steelorplastic.
Thissysteminvolvestheinstallationofverticalriserpipewithhoseconnections
atstrategicpointsthroughoutthebuilding.Thestandpointorrisercanbekept
filledwithwaterisknownaswetrisersystemotherwiseitisknownasdryriser
system.
Fire hose and hose fitting:

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•Hoseandautomaticsprinklersystem
•Thecourtyardofthebuildingshouldhaveatleasttwofirehydrant.
•ThepumpswillhaveaRPMnotexceeding2000.
•Thesehydrantsareconnectedtoanoverhead/storagetankforfirefightingpurpose
withaboosterpumpandanonreturnvalvenearthetankandafirepump,gate&
nonreturnvalveovertheundergroundstoragetank.
•Thefacilitytoboostwaterpressureintheriserdirectlyfromthemobilepumpshould
alsoprovidedtothewetrisersystem.
•Standardfirehoseismadeupofrubberlinedcottonfiber65mmindiameter,
capableofstandingroutinetestpressureof14kg/sq.cm.Sometimesunlinedor
rubberlinedorrubbercottonhosemaybeusedforthispurpose.
•Thefirehoseishousedinaspecialmadeglasscabinet.
Themainfeaturesofthesesystemsincludes

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Afireescapeisaspecialkindofemergencyexit,usuallymountedtotheoutside
ofabuildingoroccasionallyinsidebutseparatefromthemainareasofthe
building.
Afireescapeconsistsofanumberofhorizontalplatforms,oneateachfloorof
building,withladdersorstairsconnectingthem.Theplatformandstairsare
usuallysteelgratings,topreventthebuildupofice,snow,andleaves.Railings
areusuallyprovidedoneachoftheemergencyuseonly,theserailingsoftendo
notneedtomeetthesamestandardsasrailingsinothercontexts.Theladder
fromthelowestlevelofthefireescapetothegroundmaybefixed,butmore
commonlyitswingsdownonahingeorslidesdownalongthetrack.
Meansofescape

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Afiredoorisadoorwithafireresistancerating(sometimesreferredtoasa
fireprotectionratingforclosures)usedasapartofapassivefireprotection
systemtoreducethespreadoffireandsmokebetweenseparatecompartments
ofastructureandtoenablesafeegressfromabuildingorstructure.
Fire doors

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watercurtainssystemisoneoftheactivefiresuppressionsystem.
Asthenameitselfdefines,itformsacurtaintopreventspreadof
smoke/heat/flamefromfirecapturedareatonofirearea.Inthe
aspectsoffire&lifesafety,compartmentationofbuildingplaysan
importantrole.Compartmentation meansprovidingbarrierina
largefireratedwallorinanyassembly)orfirecurtainsorwater
curtain.
Watercurtainsystemconsistof
Reservedwater
Dedicatedpump
Valves
Pipesandfitting
Watercurtainnozzle
Firedetectiondeviceetc.
Water curtains

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Trainingofpersonneltohandleafiresituationandeffectivelyoperatebothhand
fireappliancesandfixedequipment,installedwithinthepremises,sayofa
factoryorahighrisebuildings,isnormallyoverlooked.Thisisincredibleinview
ofthefactthattheownerhasspentseveralhundredlakhstoinstallthebestof
equipmenttoprotectlifeandproperty.Intheeventoffireemergency,thepeople
aroundmustrespondveryquicklyandputtogainfuluseofequipment’s.
Inadditiontothisadisastermanagement planshouldbeworkedoutbythe
ownerandmadeknowntoallthepersonsworkingwithinthepremises.
Training services & maintenances

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Training services & maintenances

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Apartfromthetrainingneedsitisnecessarytofollowcertain
precautionandwhilefireison.Whereevertheheightofyour
building,ensureyoufollowsomebasicprecaution;
Remembertocall101(fire)
Donotallowstorageorobstructioninthecommoncorridors
andstaircases.
Donotallowthefiredoorofstaircasestobekeptopen
Usestaircasenotlift,incaseoffireasliftsmayfail,trapping
peopleinside.
Donotallowrefugeareatobeenclosedormisused.
Donotreenterthefireaffectedbuildingtocollectvaluables
orforotherpurposes.
Donotallowfirefightingtankstobemisusedorremain
empty.
Donotswitchoffthefireorsmokedetectionsystem.
Donotswitchoffelectricityofentirebuildingintheeventof
fire.Thiswillalsostopallthefireprotectionandforefighting
systemsinstalledwithin.
Safety measures

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Donotcarryanyalterations&additionsinthebuildings,withoutconsultingthe
firebrigade.
Acquireyourselfwiththelayoutoftheescaperoute,staircases,refuseareasand
thelocationofthefirealarms.
Trainyourselfandsecuritypersonnelintheproperoperationanduseofthefirst
aidhoserealandfireextinguisher.
Practiceevacuationdrills.
Irrespectiveofthemagnitudeoffire,calledthefirebrigadeattheearliest.
Safety measures

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Firefighterareworntoprotectandservesthepeopleintheircommunity.
Fireprotectionsystemisthecoreelementregardingsafetyofbuildingasitgive
thesignalbyfirealarmsystem,ithelpstoextinguishthefireattheearlystage
offire.
Conclusion

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Thank you