first aid Aayush Hasanpallihdhhshdhd.pptx

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1. Kyrgyz Russian S lavic University Bishkek General and Facultative Surgical Department Dr. R uslang Rasujanovich Sherov Aayush Rajendraprasad Hasanpalli LDI 4-22 First aid for severe bleeding: Application a pressure bandage, tourniquet, direct pressure to an artery

2. Severe bleeding Fisrt priority to stop bleeding If severe bleeding isn’t controlled quickly, it is possible for someone to lose a lot of blood, become  unresponsive  and possibly develop  shock . Shock is a life-threatening emergency condition, caused when the body doesn't have sufficient blood circulating to supply the vital organs with oxygen.

3. What to do 1) With open wounds, there’s a risk of infection, so wear protective  first aid gloves  (if available) to help prevent any infection passing between you both . 1

4. Apply direct firm pressure to the wound using a  sterile dressing  if possible or a clean non-fluffy cloth, to stop the bleeding . if you don't have a dressing you can ask the casualty to do this themselves. If the wound is covered by the casualty's clothing, remove or cut the clothes to uncover the wound. If there’s an object in the wound, don’t pull it out. It may be acting as a plug to reduce the bleeding. Instead apply pressure on either side of the object to push the edges together. 2

5. Ask helper to call 999 or 112 for emergency help and give Ambulance Control details of where the wound is and the extent of the bleeding. If you are on your own, use the hands-free speaker on a phone so that you can treat while speaking to ambulance control 3 https://www.sja.org.uk/get-advice/first-aid-advice/bleeding/severe-bleeding/

6. 4 Firmly secure the dressing with a  bandage  to maintain pressure on the wound. Make it firm enough to maintain pressure but not so tight that it restricts their circulation . Check their circulation beyond the bandage. Press one of the nails or the skin beyond the bandage for five seconds until it turns pale, then release the pressure. If the colour does not return within two seconds, the bandage is too tight. If necessary, loosen and reapply the bandage. https://www.sja.org.uk/get-advice/first-aid-advice/bleeding/severe-bleeding/

7. 5 The loss of blood could cause the casualty to develop shock. Treat them for this by helping them to lie down on a rug or blanket. Raise and support their legs, so they are above the level of their heart. You should then loosen any tight clothing around their neck, chest and waist and cover the casualty with a blanket to keep them warm. https://www.sja.org.uk/get-advice/first-aid-advice/bleeding/severe-bleeding/

8. 6 Support the injured part with a  sling  or bandage and keep checking the circulation beyond the bandage every 10 minutes. https://www.sja.org.uk/get-advice/first-aid-advice/bleeding/severe-bleeding/

9. 7 Keep monitoring their level of response until help arrives. If they become unresponsive at any point, prepare to start  CPR . If the bleed is not controlled with pressure, it is possible that the call handler will ask you to improvise a tourniquet if you do not have one or are not trained.  They may ask you to use items such as a triangular bandage. belt or tie and instruct you what to do. https://www.sja.org.uk/get-advice/first-aid-advice/bleeding/severe-bleeding/

10. Pressure Bandage A pressure bandage (also called a pressure dressing) is a bandage that’s designed to apply pressure to a particular area of the body. Pressure bandages are used to control bleeding and encourage blood clotting without constricting normal blood circulation. They help: 1.minimize swelling 2.protect the wound from contamination 3.protect the injured area from additional trauma 4.prevent heat and fluid loss

11. When to apply a pressure bandage Initial wound treatment Call for emergency medical help to come to you, or decide how to get the wounded person to emergency medical help. If necessary, expose the entire wound by removing any clothing around it. You may have to cut the clothing away. If any clothing is stuck to the wound, work around it. Don’t try to wash the wound or remove any objects that have been impaled. Apply a dressing over the wound. If you don’t have a first aid kit with sterile, nonstick gauze, use the cleanest, most absorbent cloth you have. Fold a 3-foot length of cloth into a ribbon about 4 inches wide and tightly but gently wrap it around the limb, then tie it off with a secure but easily adjustable knot. The knot should be over the nonaffected part of the limb, not over the wound. Look for signs that you’ve tied the bandage too tightly. For example, if the injured limb is turning blue or becoming cool, slightly loosen the bandage. Elevate the wound above the injured person’s heart. If broken bones are involved, you’ll need to splint the limb before elevating it. Use your hand to apply manual pressure to the wound for 5 to 10 minutes .

12. Excessive blood loss can result in : a drop in blood pressure a drop in blood volume heart rate or rhythm abnormalities a low oxygen saturation death

13. How to apply a pressure bandage If the injured person’s wound is stabilized and they’re fully awake, have them drink liquids to help replace blood volume . Use strips of cloth, cut from clothing if necessary, to make a pressure bandage . Wad up some strips and put them over the wound . Wrap a longer piece of cloth around the limb and the wad of strips and tie the ends together. You want the pressure to be enough to stop the bleeding, but not so tight as to act as a tourniquet (completely cut off the blood supply to the area). As a tightness test, you should be able to fit your finger under the knot.

14. As an alternative to the steps above, if available, you can also use an elastic pressure bandage, like an ACE wrap, placed over gauze and an underlying absorptive bandage pad . Check the injured person’s toes and fingers further beyond the pressure bandage to make sure the bandage isn’t too tight. If they’re not warm and pink, loosen the bandages . Check often to make sure bleeding has stopped . If you see signs of  decreased circulation  in the limb (pale or blue, cool, numb), loosen the bandage.

15. Tourniqeut A  tourniqeut  is a device that is used to apply pressure to a limb or extremity in order to create  ischemia  or stopping the flow of blood. It may be used in emergencies, in  surgery , or in post-operative rehabilitation. A simple tourniquet can be made from a stick and a rope, but the use of makeshift tourniquets has been reduced over time due to their ineffectiveness compared to a commercial and professional tourniquet. This may stem the flow of blood, but side effects such as soft tissue damage and nerve damage may occur . https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tourniquet#:~:text=A%20tourniquet%20is%20a%20device,or%20in%20post%2Doperative%20rehabilitation.

16. Types Surgical  tourniquet Surgical tourniquets prevent blood flow to a limb and enable surgeons to work in a bloodless operative field. [35]  This allows surgical procedures to be performed with improved precision, safety and speed. [35]  Surgical tourniquets can be divided into two groups: pneumatic tourniquets and non-pneumatic tourniquets. [35] Surgical pneumatic tourniquets Surgical pneumatic tourniquets are routinely and safely used orthopedic and plastic surgery, as well as in intravenous regional anesthesia (Bier block anesthesia ) where they serve the additional function of preventing the central spread of local anesthetics in the limb. [35]  Modern pneumatic tourniquet systems consist of a pneumatic tourniquet instrument, tourniquet cuffs, pneumatic tubing, and limb protection sleeves. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tourniquet#:~:text=A%20tourniquet%20is%20a%20device,or%20in%20post%2Doperative%20rehabilitation.

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