firstaid.pptFirst aid can include cleaning minor cuts, scrapes, or scratches; treating a minor burn;

First aid can include cleaning minor cuts, scrapes, or scratches; treating a minor burn; applying bandages and dressings; the use of non-prescription medicine; draining blisters; removing debris from the eyes; massage; and drinking fluids to relieve heat stress.

1. 1
Emergency Medical Supplies
Roselyn B. Antivo RCrim.,MSCrim
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Welcome to your:Welcome to your:
Emergency First Aid CourseEmergency First Aid Course

2. 2
Introduction
•Trainer Introduction
•Course register
•Health & Safety
–Fire drill etc.
•Course Format

3. 3
Areas Covered in this Session
•Human Anatomy
•What is first aid
•Aims of first aid
•The Responsibilities of the First Aider
•Delegation / Confidence / Communication
•Incident / Casualty priorities
•Multiple casualties
•Staying Safe during First Aid DANGER
•Telephone the Emergency Services 999

4. 4
Human Anatomy (remind/revise)
1. Trachea
2. Lungs
3. Heart
4. Liver
5. Stomach
6. Pancreas
7. Large intestine
8. Small intestine
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5
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© 2002 Abertay Nationwide Training

5. 5
Circulatory System
Aorta
Largest artery in
the body
Arteries
Strong muscular, elastic
walls enable arteries to
expand with each surge of
blood away from the heart
and towards tissues
Veins
Action of muscles around
these thin walled vessels
squeezes blood through
them, and one-way valves
keep it from flowing back
towards the heart
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6. 6
Circulatory System
6

7. 7
The Heart

8. 8
Functions of the Blood
•Transportation of gases
•Nutrition
•Regulation
•Protection
•Excretion

9. 9
Pulse Points
Carotid
Brachial
Radial
Femoral
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10. 10
The Respiratory System
10
Respirtory
Centre
(Brain)
Bronchioles
Epiglottis
Trachea
Lung
Diaphragm
Alveoli
Tongue
© 2002 Abertay Nationwide Training

11. 11
Respiration is the exchange of gases, oxygen
and carbon dioxide, which takes place in the
lungs and cells of the body.
Define Respiration
Take in oxygen
Remove carbon dioxide

12. 12
What is First Aid
•The treatment given for any injury, or sudden
illness before the arrival of an ambulance,
doctor or any other qualified person.
12

13. 13 The Aims of First Aid
•To Preserve life
•To Prevent the condition
getting worse
•To Promote recovery
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14. 14
Responsibilities of First Aider
•Incident Management - Assess the situation /
get help
•Casualty Care - Protect casualty and others
from Danger
•Assess the casualty
•Identify casualty’s injury / Illness
•Provide treatment
•Arrange transport
•Remain with the casualty
•Prevent cross infection
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15. 15 Approach and Action
•Assess the situation
•Telephone for help
•Assess any further danger
–Can you cope
–Do you need assistance
•Begin Treatment
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16. 16
Primary Assessment
Breathing
Circulation
Responses of your casualty
Danger your present environment
Airway

17. 17
Road Traffic Accidents
Make the accident site safe
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Speed Kills

18. 18
Alert
responds appropriately / aware of place /
time
Verbal
responds in some manner to voice
Pain
responds in some manner to painful
stimuli
Unresponsive
Does not respond to painful stimuli
Levels of Response (AVPU)
18

19. 19
Airway
•Before opening the airway (check) for any
obstructions and remove (clear) them if
possible
•By tilting the head back and lifting the chin
forward, the tongue is drawn away (open)
from the back of the throat. Suspected Spinal
injuries will differ, majority are conscious.
•In an unconsciousness casualty the tongue
may fall back to block the airway.

20. 20
Airway
OPEN
AIRWAY

21. 21
Average Breathing Rates
Adults 12 – 20 times per minute
Infants and
young children
20 - 30 times per minute
Breathing Rates
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22. 22
Inspired and Expired Air
22
Other
Gases
1%
Inspired Air
Carbon
Dioxide
4% Other
Gases
1%
Expired Air

23. 23
IF ABSENT BREATHE FOR YOUR
CASUALTY !
Breathing
23
Look, Listen & Feel up to 10seconds

24. 24
Self Protection
ALWAYS
WEAR GLOVES
When dealing with blood
or body fluids
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25. 25
Staying Safe during First Aid
•Blood and Bodily Fluid
–HIV
–Hepatitis B
–Always
wear protective gloves and goggles
when dealing with blood and body fluids
•Environmental Hazards
–Traffic
–Electrical Wires
–Gas Leak
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26. 26
Emergency Services 999
•Name and telephone number
•Give exact location
•Type of incident
•Seriousness of incident
•Number of casualties
•Condition of casualties
•Any hazards
Always Give the Following Information:
DON'T HANG UP THE PHONE UNTIL
YOU ARE TOLD TO DO SO !
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27. 27
Multiple Casualties
Assess Danger
Remove Danger
Assess Casualties responses
Assess Casualties A.B.C
4 X B’s
27

28. 28
Immediate Care Conditions
•Lack of Airway
•Lack of Breathing
•Lack of Pulse
•Suspected Spinal Injury
•Shock
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29. 29
Life Threatening Conditions
•Asphyxia
•Bleeding
•Cardiac arrest
•Shock
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30. 30
Principles of Resuscitation
•For life to be sustained,:
–A constant supply of oxygen must be maintained and
delivered to the brain and other vital organs by circulating
the blood.
•The “pump” that maintains this circulation:
–Is the heart. If the heart stops (cardiac arrest) urgent action
must be taken if death is to be prevented.
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31. 31
Lay Rescuer CPR Guidelines
•Establish that the casualty is unresponsive
–Dial 112/999 ask for cardiac ambulance
•Open the Airway
–Head tilt/chin lift or, if trauma is suspected, jaw thrust.
–Check for normal breathing.
–(look, listen, feel)
•If normal breathing is absent
–Give 2 slow breaths (2 seconds per breath)
–Ensure adequate chest rise, and allow exhalation between
breaths.

32. 32
Lay Rescuer CPR Guidelines
•Check for signs of circulation
–Normal breathing, coughing, or movement in response to
the 2 breaths
–If signs of circulation are present but there is no normal
breathing, provide rescue breathing
–1 breath every 6 seconds, about 10 breaths per minute
•If no signs of circulation are present,
–Begin cycles of 15 chest compressions (about 100
compressions per minute) followed by 2 slow breaths

33. 33
IF NO PULSE PRESENT
COMMENCE CARDIAC MASSAGE !
Circulation
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34. 34
Speed is Essential
•CPR if Commenced within 3 Minutes of Arrest
can Prevent Permanent Brain Damage
•Buys Time to Allow Successful Defibrillation by
Trained personnel
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35. 35
Early
Access
Early
CPR
Early
Defibrillation
Early
Advanced
Cardiac Care
The Chain of Survival
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36. 36
Making a Diagnosis
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37. 37
Secondary Survey
Complete Top to Toe Survey
Complete Definitive Treatments
Breathing
Pulse
Skin Colour
Temperature
Level of response
Monitor Vital Signs

38. 38
Sequence of examination.
3. Chest
1. Head
8. Lower Limbs
2. Neck
7. Pelvis Lower
Back
6. Abdomen
5. Upper Limbs
4. Shoulders
Top to Toe Survey
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39. 39
External Clues
If casualty is Unconscious
Look for Clues
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40. 40

Treatment Priorities
•A B C
• Maintain airway (Recovery position)
• Bleeding
• Treat large wounds and burns
• Immobilise bone and joint injuries
• Other injuries / Conditions
• Regularly monitor casualty ABC
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41. 41
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Reporting
•Casualty’s name
•Casualty’s address
•History of the incident
•Description of any injuries
•Any unusual behavior
•Treatment given
•Breathing
•Pulse
•Response level
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42. 42
Patient Interview
•S Symptoms
•A Allergies
•M Medications
•P Past Medical History
•L Last Meal
•E Events
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43. 43
Dressings & Bandages: Uses
•Dressings
–Control bleeding
–Reduce infection
•Bandages
–Direct pressure
–Securing dressings etc
–Reduce swelling, support limbs
–Restrict movement
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44. 44
Rules for Applying Dressings
•Wear disposable gloves
•If possible, wash hands
•Correct size
•Place pad directly onto wound
•Avoid touching wound
•Try not to cough or sneeze
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45. 45
General Rules for Bandaging
•Explain and reassure
•Posture
•Support
•Your positioning
–Natural hollows
–Apply bandages firmly
–Exposure of digits
–Check circulation
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46. 46
Preventing Cross Infection
•Always wash your hands
–Before dressing a wound
•Wear disposable gloves
•Avoid touching the wound
•Do not sneeze or cough
–When treating a wound
•Place soiled dressing in suitable bag
–Seal and destroy by incineration
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47. 47
The Choking Casualty
Recognition
•Cannot Breathe
•Cannot Speak
•Cannot Cough
•May Clutch Throat
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48. 48
Carbon monoxide
Vehicle exhausts, chimneys
–headache, confusion
–aggression, nausea
–vomiting, incontinence
–dusky skin, red tinge
–unconsciousness
Smoke
Fires
–coughing
–swollen air passages
–unconsciousness
–soot around nose
–burns
Carbon dioxide
Deep enclosed spaces
–Breathlessness
–headache
–Hypoxia
–confusion
–unconsciousness
Solvents & Fuels
Glues, lighter fluid
–headache, vomiting
–stupor
–unconsciousness
–death
Effects of Fume Inhalation

49. 49
Treatment for Asthma
•Ensure A, B, C
•Reassure the patient.
•Position patient up-right
–Leaning forward.
•Ensure a good air supply.
•Monitor vital signs.
•Assist with medication.
•999?
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© 2002 Abertay Nationwide Training

50. 50
Medical Assistance for Asthma
Seek medical assistance if:
•First attack or is severe
•Inhaler has no effect after 5-10 minutes
•Casualty is getting worse
•Breathlessness makes talking difficult
•Exhaustion
•Unconsciousness
–ABC, Resuscitate if necessary
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51. 51
Causes of Shock
•Blood loss
•Heart attack
•Allergic reaction
•Loss of body fluids
•Massive infection
•Damage to spinal nerves
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52. 52
Shock - First Signs
RECOGNITION:
–(adrenaline causes)
•Rapid pulse
•Pale gray skin
•Cold clammy skin
•Sweating
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53. 53
Treatment for Shock
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54. 54
MODERATE LOSS
2 to 3 pints (20% - 30%)
slightly raised
cold and sweaty
pale
dilating, but equal
slightly raised
light headed, faint
constant observation and monitoring of vital signs to
determine medical progress
cool
becoming unstable
Pulse
Skin
Colour
Pupils
Breathing
Consciousness
History
Peripheral Temp.
General Condition
Blood Loss 2-3 pints

55. 55
SEVERE LOSS
over 3 pints (30% and over)
fast, light, thready
cold and clammy
pale - cyanosed
dilated and equal, slow to react to light
deep sighing - air hunger
apathetic, low pain threshold
may become thirsty and suffer from blurred vision
cold
poor, could prove fatal
Pulse
Skin
Colour
Pupils
Breathing
Consciousness
History
Peripheral Temp.
General Condition
Blood Loss over 3 pints

56. 56
Causes of Fainting
•Temporary reduction of blood flow
to the brain
•Reaction to pain or fright
•Emotional upset
•Exhaustion
•Lack of food
•Long periods of standing
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57. 57
Recognition of Fainting
•Brief loss of consciousness
•Fall to the floor
•Slow pulse
•Pallor
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58. 58
If unconsciousness persists
Call for the ambulance
Treatment for Fainting
•Raise and support lower limbs
•Fresh air, open window
•As they recover reassure casualty
•Assist casualty to sit up
•Treat any injuries

59. 59
Anaphylactic Shock
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60. 60
Anaphylactic Shock
The name given to a major Allergic reaction
within the body;
Causes:
•Specific drugs
•Stings
•Ingestion of certain foods (peanuts)
•Chemical released into the blood stream
causing the blood vessels to dilate thus
restricting the airway.

61. 61
Severe Allergies
•Anxiety
•Blotchy skin
•Swelling of face
•Swelling of neck
•Puffiness around eyes
•Breathing difficulties
•Rapid pulse
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62. 62
Treatment of Severe Allergies
•Relieve Breathing
•Epi-pen
999999
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63. 66
Heart Attack Treatment
Your aims are;
•Make casualty comfortable
•Phone for ambulance
•Monitor vital signs
•Reassure
•Prepare to resuscitate
if necessary
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64. 71
First aid priorities
•Control blood loss
–Pressure, Elevation
•Minimise shock
•Protect from infection
•Hospital
The nature of the
wounding force
determines the type of
wound and influences its
treatment.
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65. 72
Always
wear protective gloves and
goggles when dealing with
blood and body fluids
Types of Bleeding
•Arterial
•Venous
•Capillary
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66. 73
Wound Types
LacerationContusion
Incised Puncture
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67. 74
Bleeding Control
EElevation
Shock
IInfection
Pressure
999999
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68. 75
Internal Bleeding
•Bruising / Rigid abdomen
•Tender abdomen
•Guarding stomach
•Symptoms of shock
•Bleeding from orifices
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69. 76
Internal Bleeding
•Lungs
•Stomach
•Kidneys
•Upper / Lower Bowel
•Fractured base of skull
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70. 77
Treatment - Internal Bleeding
•A, B, C
•Treat for shock
–Elevate lower limbs if possible
–Place in the recovery position if
patient becomes unconscious
–Reassure
–Monitor vital signs
–Urgent removal to hospital
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71. 78
Lots of blood, Possible underlying injury
Scalp & Head Wounds
Treatment;
•Displace skin flaps (Split wounds)
•Apply direct pressure (Sterile dressing, secure)
•Lay casualty down slightly raised head &
shoulders
•Unconscious ABC (Recovery position)

72. 79
Minor Wounds
•Minor wounds may need medical help
–Dog bite,
–Infected
–Embedded object etc.
•Minor bleeding
•Foreign bodies
•Bruises
HYGIENE

73. 80
Bleeding from Orifices
•Mouth
•Ear
•Nose
•Anus
•Urethra
•Vagina
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74. 81
Various Injuries
•Palm wounds
•Bleeding varicose veins
•Wounds at joint creases

75. 82
Eye Injury
•Provide support for the casualty’s head
•Give the casualty a sterile dressing to
hold on the eye
•Arrange removal to hospital
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76. 83
Types of Head Injury
All Head Injuries Are Serious;
•Wounds to the scalp
•Fracture of the skull
•Concussion
•Cerebral compression

77. 84
Fractured Skull
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78. 85
Recognition of Concussion
•Brief or partial loss of consciousness
•Nausea,
•Dizziness on recover
•Memory loss

79. 86
Cerebral Compression
•Noisy slow respiration's
•Slow, full and bounding pulse
•Flushed face
•Diminished level of response
–going into unconsciousness
•Unequal or dilated pupils
•Intense headache

80. 87
Fractured Skull
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81. 88
Fainting
Infantile convulsion
Shock
Head injury
Stroke
Heart Attack
Asphyxia
Poison
Epileptic Fit
Diabetes
Causes of Unconsciousness
FF
II
SS
HH
SS
HH
AA
PP
EE
DD

82. 89
Voluntary
Biceps etc.
Tendons
Types of Muscles
Involuntary
Operate vital organs
Heart etc.
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83. 90
Soft Tissue Injuries

84. 91
Soft Tissue Injuries - Sprains
Sprains are injuries due to:
•Stretching or tearing ligaments
or other tissues at a joint.
•Caused by a sudden twist or
stretch of a joint beyond it’s
normal motion
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85. 92
Soft Tissue Injuries - Sprains
The Symptoms of a Sprain are:
•Pain on movement
•Swelling
•Tenderness
•Discoluration
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86. 93
Soft Tissue Injuries - Strains
•A strain is an injury to a muscle or tendon
caused by over-exertion.
•In severe cases muscles or tendons are torn
and the muscle fibres are stretched.
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87. 94
Soft Tissue Injuries - Strains
The Symptoms of a strain are;
•Intense pain
•Moderate swelling
•Painful movement
•Difficult movement
•Sometimes, discolouration

88. 95
IF IN DOUBT - TREAT AS A
FRACTURE !
Soft Tissue injuries
Treatment (RICER)
•Rest the injured part.
•Apply Ice or cold compress.
–(15-20mins)
•Compress the injury.
•Elevate the injured part.
•Rehabilitate / Recuperation
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89. 96
Rehabilitation
Stop moaning I haven’t started yet…

90. 97
Functions of the Skeleton
•Support
•Movement
•Protection
•Produce blood cells
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91. 98
CAUSES:
Direct force
Indirect force
Muscular action
Disease
TYPES
Open/Closed
Stable/Unstable
Greenstick
Definition of a Fracture
Definition;
•A broken or cracked bone
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92. 99
Simple:
This is a clean break or
crack in the bone
Simple Fracture
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93. 100
Comminuted:
This is a type of fracture
that produces multiple bone
fragments
Comminuted Fracture
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94. 101
Green stick:
A split in a young, immature
bone. Most common in children
Green-Stick Fracture
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95. 102
Open:
In a open fracture, part of
the bone breaks through the
skin causing bleeding
The exposed bone is
Vulnerable to contamination
Wound
Open Fracture
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96. 103
Closed:
The surrounding skin is
unbroken.
Closed Fracture
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97. 104
Open Fractures
•Cover wound, apply dressing
•Place padding over and around the wound
•Secure dressing and padding
•Immobilise injured part
•999
•Treat casualty for shock
•N.B. Nothing to eat or drink
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98. 105
Closed Fractures / Dislocations
•Support injured part
•Secure injured part
•999
•Circulation
–(10 minutes)
•N.B. Traction in extreme locations
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99. 106
Assessment of Injuries
•History: (Ask the casualty what happened)
–Violent blow or fall
–Snapping sound
–Sharp pain
•Compare:
–One side of the body against another
•Visualise:
–Try and imagine what happened
•X-ray:
–Injury may not be obvious
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100. 107
Assessment of injuries
Recognition;
•Difficulty moving limbs
•Pain made worse by movement
•Distortion
•Coarse grating at bone ends
•Shock (Femur, Ribcage, Pelvis)
•Shortening, bending or twisting
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101. 108
Dislocations
•Partial or full displacement of bones at a joint
•Tears ligaments
•Associated fracture
•External wrenching force
•Violent muscle contraction
•Do not attempt to replace joint
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102. 109
Injuries to the face and jaw
•Maintain airway
•Possible spinal injury
•Possible head injury
•Reduce swelling
•Hospital treatment

103. 110
Cervical 7
Thoracic 12
Lumbar 5
Sacrum
5 (fused)
4 coccyx (fused)
•Intervertebral discs
–Padding or cushioning
–Gristle
The Human Spine
•Spinal Cord
–Composed of nerve fibres
110
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104. 111
Spinal Injuries
Three things are required;
•A high index of suspicion.
•Acute observation.
•Dexterous and gentle handling.
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105. 112
Spinal Injury
Your aims are;
•To prevent further injury
•Arrange removal to hospital
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106. 113
IF IN DOUBT
TREAT AS A SPINAL INJURY
Treatment of Spinal Injuries
•Call for an ambulance.
–do not attempt to treat casualty on your own
•Support head and neck.
•Instruct casualty not to move.
•Reassurance.
•Do not move casualty unless in extreme
danger.

107. 114
“LIFT WITH THE LEGS”
Principles of Lifting
•Assess the Task - Area - Load
•Bend the knees
•Broad stable base
•Back straight (Not necessarily vertical)
•Firm grip with palm of hand
•Arms in line with trunk
•Weight close to center of gravity
•Turn feet in direction of movement

108. 115
Types and Causes of Burns
•Dry Burn
•Scald
•Electrical Burn
•Chemical Burn
•Radiation
•Friction Burn
•Cold Burn
•Fire- Domestic appliances
•Hot liquids - Steam
•Low and high voltage - Lightning
•Industrial & Domestic chemicals
•Sunburn - Exposure to radiation
•Fast moving belts – Machinery
•Bare skin contacting ice etc.

109. 116
Burns
Superficial
Partial
Thickness
Full
Thickness
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110. 117
Treatment of Minor Burns
Your Aim Is;
•Halt the burning process
•Relieve the swelling
•Relieve the pain
•Minimise risk of infection
•Seek medical advice
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111. 118
Treatment of Severe Burns
Your Aim Is To Ensure;
•Scene safety
•A, B, C
•Halt the burning process,
•Relieve pain
•Treat for shock
–Resuscitate if necessary
–Treat associated injuries
–Minimise the risk of infection
–Arrange urgent removal to
hospital
118
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112. 119
Heat Exhaustion
•Recognition
–Wet / sweaty appearance, Fatigue / Pale look
–Headaches with possible cramps
•Treatment
–Remove from offending environment
–Fan / cool patient
–Provide cool drink
–Advise to see doctor or dial
999 if they
deteriorate
119
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113. 120
Heat Stroke
•Recognition
–Hot dry red skin
–Rapid Lowered level of consciousness
–Nausea and/or vomiting
–Body temperature above 40ºC (104ºF)
•Treatment
–Remove from offending environment
–Dial 999 for an Ambulance
–Cool patient with cold, wet sheets
–Nothing by mouth

114. 121
Hypothermia
General cooling of body
Mild Hypothermia
–Shivers - Cool body
–< 98.6 temperature
Severe Hypothermia
–No Shivers
–Sluggishness
–Lowered level of
consciousness
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115. 122
Hypothermia
•Treatment
–Remove from offending
environment
–Remove wet clothing
–Insulate with blanket or covers
•Mild
–Offer hot drink
•Severe
–Activate EMS
–Provide source of heat
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116. 123
Define Diabetes
•A condition in which the body fails to regulate
the concentration of sugar in the blood.
•Diabetics are prone to two main problems:
– Hypoglycemia
– Hyperglycemia

117. 124
Hypoglycemia - Low blood glucose
pale
profuse sweating and cold
irritable, confused or may be unconscious, fits
may be present in later stages
rapid and weak
sudden, may be minutes
sugar
normal to rapid
Colour
Sk in
Consciousness
Pulse
Onset
Treatment
Breathing
Signs and Symptoms

118. 125
Hyperglycemia - high blood glucose
flushed
dry
restless, drowsy or lethargic
behaviour
rapid and full
gradual, hours to days
insulin
deep and sighing, possible
sweet smell - acetone
Colour
Skin
Consciousness
Pulse
Onset
Treatment
Breathing
Signs and Symptoms

119. 126
*
Hypoglycaemia - Treatment
Conscious Patient;
•Establish A, B, C
•Help patient to lie or sit down
•Give sugary foods, drinks etc.
•Advise to See their Doctor
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Hypoglycaemia - Treatment
Unconscious Patient
•Establish A, B, C
•Place patient in recovery position
•Monitor vital signs
•Prevent chilling
•Look for other causes
•Urgent removal to hospital
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Hyperglycaemia - Treatment
•Establish A, B, C
•Place patient in recovery position
•Monitor vital signs / Prevent chilling
•Look for other causes
•Urgent removal to hospital
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Define Epilepsy
Definition:
•A condition that causes brief disruptions
in the normal electrical activity of the
brain.
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Forms of Epilepsy
•Absence Seizures
–A minor form of epilepsy
–Resembles daydreaming.
•Seizures
–A major form of epilepsy.
–The patient experiences fits with a period of
unconsciousness.

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Risk Assessment
•Look for Hazards
•Who might be harmed
•Evaluate the risk
•Record your findings
•Review Assessment
Hazard means anything that can cause harm (e.g
chemicals, electricity, working from ladders etc).
Risk is the chance high or low, that somebody will
be harmed by the hazard.

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Risk Assessment
•A proper check was made
•You asked who might be affected
•You dealt with all obvious significant hazards,
taking into account the number of people who
could be involved
•The precautions are reasonable, and the
remaining risk is low
Risk Assessments must be suitable and sufficient.
You must be able to show that:

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Activity Hazards Persons
exposed
Likelihood Severity Risk
Weight
Lifting
Weights falling onto
fatigued body
Weight
Lifter
1. Most Unlikely
2. Unlikely
3. Likely
4. Most Likely
1. Trivial Injury
2. Slight Injury
3. Serious
Injury
4. Major Injury
or Death
Company Name……………….Completed by………………..Date……..
RISK ASSESSMENT SHEET
Risk Assessment
To establish RISK Rating, multiply LIKELIHOOD by the SEVERITY
Rating Bands Action Required

1 & 2 Minimal Risk Maintain Control Measures
3 & 4 Low Risk Review Control Measures
Rating Bands Action Required
6 & 8 Medium Risk Improve Control Measures
9, 12 & 16 Improve Controls immediately
and consider stopping work