Flexible display

Flexible displays are essentially very thin display screens that can be printed onto flexible or stretchable material and then attached to other surfaces or produced in a variety of shapes

1. FLEXIBLE DISPLAY

2. History of display technology 1.Monochrome CRT(1922 ) 2.Split-Flap Display(1957) 3.Flip-Disc Display(1961) 4.Monochrome Plasma Display(1964)

3. 7.LED Display(1968) 5.Vacuum Fluorescent Display(1967) 6.Direct-View Bistable Storage Tube(1968) 8.Twisted Nematic Field Effect LCD(1972)

4. 9.Super-Twisted Nematic Display(1984) 10.Thin Film Transistor LCD(1986) 11.Full-Color Plasma Display (1995) 12.Active-Matrix OLED (2003)

5. 13.Organic LED (2003) 14.Electronic Paper Display (2004) 15.Flexible Display

6. What is a flexible display? Flexible displays are essentially very thin display screens that can be printed onto flexible or stretchable material and then attached to other surfaces or produced in a variety of shapes.

7. Flexible Display As the name indicates flexible displays are flexible unlike conventional displays. Flexible displays opens the possibility of more than one input method other than touch - stress or strain applied on the unit. Flexible display technologies opened up the possibility of low cost manufacture and offers new and emerging applications.

8. Flexible displays are thin as human hair Ultimate flexible display is a combination of TFT-LCD and OLED techniques— with advances developed in various fields such as processing, component, and materials Flexible display provides the following functions 1.Intensity and resolution enhancement of sub- region of display wall 2.Information augmentation 3.Stepping user interfaces for its viewers interfacing with display wall

9. History Electronic paper first developed at Xerox's Palo Alto Research Center Printing of OLED on flexible substrate discovered World's first flexible display using electronic ink from E Ink Corporation Philips finds way to 'paint' LCD screens First production-ready flexible display manufacturing method developed by FlexiDis, a European- Commission funded technology project Hewlett-Packard and Arizona State University introduce a prototype of a paper-like, flexible computer display made almost entirely of plastic

10. Current status There is a considerable research Most of technologies are still in development and available in form of prototypes The Flexible Display Center, at Arizona State University: flexible displays ready for test trials in approximately 3 years. Currently E Ink one of most popular technologies available for commercial use

11. Flexible displays roadmap

12. Flexible displays market - demand forecasts Source: Displaybank, 'Flexible Display Technology and Market (2007~2017)' report

13. Flexible Display Substrate Substrate is critical to flexible displays development Different types of materials are under investigation, including glass, plastic, polymer films, and metallic foils Must be readily bendable and roll able Must accommodate different types of display technologies at high levels of brightness, contrast ratios, and resolution Must offer low power dissipation should be able to provide full- color capability to enhance their market acceptability

14. Advantages Flexible Display Low-power consumption High-contrast ratio Lightweight Rugged Conformal Roll able Unbreakable low cost production Flexible display offers new and emerging applications

15. Main flexible display technologies Flexible LCDs FOLED Flexible AMOLED Electronic paper Electrowetting Displays (EWD) Electrochromic Displays

16. Flexible LCDs LCDs are most likely to succeed in large-scale, cost-effective flexible displays

17. FOLED Organic light emitting device (OLED) built on a flexible base material, such as clear plastic film or reflective metal foil, instead of the usual glass base. Developed by Universal Display Coporation Brighter than LCDs Wider viewing angles and faster response times More durable, safer and impact resistant Don't need a backlighting source Cost-effective Require a strong barrier against moisture Limited lifetime particularly for the blue color

18. Flexible AMOLED Enables a lighter and thinner display. High refresh rate. Rugged and not prone to breakage. Consume significantly less power. Large area displays can be made cheaply because of the low temperature process used and their possible roll-to-roll manufacturing. Samsung is the leading developer of AMOLED displays. 2009 world’s first flexible AMOLED display with a 6.5‖ screen announced

19. Flexible LCD vs Flexible AMOLED

20. Electronic paper, e-paper A display technology designed to mimic the appearance of ordinary ink on paper. More comfortable to read than conventional displays due to stable image. Long lifetime: It can be updated up to 1 million times. Flexible and durable. Impact resistant. Image retain without power. Reflects light like ordinary paper Extremely thin High contrast Wide view angle: almost 180 degree

21. Electro wetting Display (EWD) Developed and patented by Dutch company called Liquavista. Merges the advantages of LCDs and e-ink displays Uses a process called electro wetting , which uses small electrical charges to move colored oil within each pixel Electrowetting is a proven process, used for focus mechanisms in cameras and cell phones. Fundamentally brighter, more colourful displays. Simplified LCD-like manufacturing process. Initially targeted at e-reader markets followed by mobile phones

22. Electrochromic Displays Display consists of a layer of electro chromic material sandwiched between two electrode layers. Material changes from one colour to another when stimulated by an electric current. The top electrode layer is made from transparent plastic. The electro chromic mixture used by Siemens, which enables the screen to work so rapidly, include conductive polymers such as poly aniline The display is controlled by a printed circuit and can be powered by a very thin printable battery or a photovoltaic cell. The goal is to be able to create the entire device― the display and its power source – using the same printing method, so that manufacturing costs would be as low as possible.

23. Application Areas Newspapers E-books Digital signage Medical Toys and games Clothing TVs Tablets Interior design Smart cards Automotive consoles Mobile Military equipment

24. Opportunity with Flexible Electronics Paper-like Speaker (Consumer application) Flexible lighting (Decoration application) Printed Electronics Device (Antenna, Circuit) Flexible Display Flexible Sensor (UI, Human-scale application Portable Power (Flexible, thin embedded application) Flexible Electronics

25. Conclusion There are strong research and development efforts in the area of flexible displays and electronics Flexible displays and electronics are of interests to industry because of the potential for low cost manufacture and the opportunity to address new and emerging markets. There has been increasing interest in flexible displays and electronics

26. Questions ?