Flowering of regional cultures-India

Flowering of regional cultures-India

1. Flowering of Regional Cultures

2. In the medieval period, a number of languages developed and flourished in different regions of India. The introduction of Arabic and Persian by the rulers of the Delhi Sultanate had a distinct influence on the development of some of these languages. It also gave birth to a new language called Urdu. The Development of languages

3. Arabic Arabic was A dominant language in central and west Asia because it was the language of Prophet Muhammad. The most famous work in Arabic produced in this era is the Fatwa-I- Alamgiri , a treatise on law written during Aurangzeb’s reign.

4. Persian Persian arose as an important language in central Asia from the 10th century onwards. Some of the most renowned Persian scholars, Such as Firdausi and Sadi , lived between the 10 th and 14 th centuries CE. The arrival of the Turks in India led to the introduction of Persian as an administrative language in the country. The most prolific Persian scholar of the Medieval Period was Amir Khusrau (1252-1325CE). He was an iconic figure in the cultural history of the Indian subcontinent. He was a mystic and a spiritual disciple of  Nizamuddin Auliya  of Delhi. He wrote poetry primarily in Persian, but also in  Hindavi .

5. Though the Sultans of Delhi did not patronize Sanskrit litera­ture and there were hardly any Sanskrit poets or scholars at their courts, certain important Sanskrit works were translated into Persian. This was done mainly with a view to make available to the foreign readers useful information contained in the Sanskrit literature. Despite the lack of royal patronage, lot of Sanskrit literature was produced during this period. This was mainly due to the encour­agement extended to Sanskrit by the Hindu kings of Vijayanagar — Warangal, Gujarat, Rajasthan, Bengal and the Pallavas of the South. Thus we find that the Sanskrit literature was mainly produced in areas which were free from Muslim dominations Sanskrit

6. Hindi  literature includes literature in the various Central Zone Indo-Aryan languages which . During the later part of this  period  and early Bhakti Kala, many saint-poets like Ramanand and Gorakhnath ... The  medieval Hindi  literature is marked by the influence of Bhakti movement and composition of long, epic poems. Hindi

7. The earliest linguistic influences in the development of Urdu  probably began with the Muslim conquest of Sindh in 711. The  language  started evolving from Farsi and Arabic contacts during the invasions of the Indian subcontinent by Persian and Turkic forces from the 11th century onward. Urdu

8. Regional Languages The appearance of modern Indian languages marks the transition from the ancient to the middle ages in Indian History. They became the media of literature and the instruments of medieval thought. It is true that Sanskrit continued to be cultivated; but with the downfall of Hindu principalities and the drying up of the sources of patronage, its vogue rapidly diminished. It still remained the language of orthodox religious literature and of philosophy, and treatises were composed in it on ancient sciences, but the days of its glory were over. The cultural currents which began to sweep the country from the 12th century onwards left the channels of Sanskrit dry, and flowed through new beds. The creative impulses of India passed it by and inspired new dialects. As the magnificent treasure-house of ancient Indian culture, Sanskrit still commanded the homage of the people, and exercised a deep influence over the growth of new languages and literatures; but for the expression of living experience and thought, its usefulness had ceased.

9. Punjabi developed from Sanskrit through Prakrit languages and later Apabhraṃśa .From 600 BC Sanskrit gave birth to many regional languages in different parts of India. All these languages are called  Prakrit  collectively.  Shauraseni Prakrit  was one of these Prakrit languages, which was spoken in north and north-western India and Punjabi and western dialects of Hindi developed from this Prakrit . Later in northern India  Shauraseni Prakrit  gave rise to Shauraseni Aparbhsha , a descendent of Prakrit . Punjabi emerged as an Apabhramsha , a degenerated form of Prakrit , in the 7th century A.D. and became stable by the 10th century. By the 10th century, many  Nath  poets were associated with earlier Punjabi works. Punjabi

10. Marathi Medieval age marked the beginning of the real Marathi literature. Some of the early prominent poets and scholars were Chakradhar , Bhaskar , Bhatt, Narendra and Muknndaraya . It was only with the emergence of religious saints like Namdeva that the Marathi language gained prominence. Namdeva compered hymen is Marathi. Another prominent Bhakt who rendered valuable contribution to the Marathi literature was Jnaneswar of Pandharpur who advocated the doctrine that there were no ranks or classes before God and all were equal in his view. Marathi

11. The Alvar and Nayanar saints composed devotional literature in Tamil. Nambiandar Nambi was a popular Nayanar Saint and Nammalvar , Andal and Tondaradipodialvar were well known Alvar saints.The Cholas were great patrons of Tamil Poetry, Tamil

12. Telugu literature  or  Telugu Sahityam   is the body of works written in the Telugu language. It consists of poems, novels, short stories, dramas and  puranas . Telugu literature can be traced back to the early 10th century period ( Prabandha Ratnavali (1918) talk about the existence of Jain Telugu literature during 850-1000AD) followed by 11th century period when Mahabharata was first translated to Telugu from Sanskrit by  Nannaya . It flourished under the rule of the  Vijayanagara Empire, where Telugu was one of the empire's official languages. Telugu

13. The generally held view is that Malayalam was the western coastal dialect of Tamil. Ramacharitham  is a collection of poems written at the end of the preliminary stage in Malayalam literature's evolution. It is the oldest Malayalam book available. The collection has 1,814 poems in it.  Ramacharitham  mainly consists of stories from the Yuddha Kanda of the  Ramayana . Malayalam

14. A  source text  is a text (sometimes oral) from which information or ideas are derived.  Regional texts as Sources

15. During the Mughal rule in India, Indian Classical music emerged as two separate traditions - North Indian Hindustani and the south Indian Carnatic , mainly because of the Islamic influence. The Hindustani system may be thought as a mixture of traditional Indian musical concepts and Persian performance practice. Many new musical forms like Khayal and Ghazal. Persian music influenced in India Persian music is the music of Persia and Persian language countries: musiqi , the science and art of music, and muzik , the sound and performance of music. Many Ustads , or professional musicians, have learned North Indian classical music in India, and some of them were Indian descendants who moved from India to the royal court in and they use the Hindustani musical theories and terminology, for example raga (melodic form) and tala (rhythmic cycle). Music

16. India is a treasure house of cultural and traditional heritage. This country has a long history in its every sphere. Since time immemorial when the geographical demarcations were not yet assigned, the land developed interesting ethnicity and customs. After the topographical divisions, the early civilizations also offered traces of dances and music. In ancient India dancers performed in the temples in reverence to the Gods and Goddess and the era saw rise of devadasi system. However, with the advent of medieval era, there was a radical change in the field of dance and other performing arts in the country. Dance in Medieval India witnessed several changes.  Dance

17. Bharatanatyam  also historically called  Sadir , is a major genre of Indian classical dance that originated in Tamil Nadu. Traditionally, Bharatanatyam has been a solo dance that was performed exclusively by women,and it expressed South Indian religious themes and spiritual ideas, particularly of  Shaivism ,  Vaishnavism  and  Shaktism . Bharatanatyam's theoretical foundations trace to the ancient Sanskrit text by  Bharata Muni,  Natya Shastra ,  its existence by 2nd century CE is noted in the ancient Tamil epic  Silappatikaram , while temple sculptures of 6th to 9th century CE suggest it was a well refined performance art by mid 1st millennium CE.  Bharatanatyam may be the oldest classical dance tradition of India . Bharatanatyam

18. Kathak  ( कथक ) is the Hindi name for one of the eight major forms of Indian classical dance. The origin of Kathak is traditionally attributed to the traveling bards of ancient northern India known as Kathakars or storytellers. The term Kathak is derived from the Vedic Sanskrit word  Katha  which means "story", and  Kathaka  which means "the one who tells a story", or "to do with stories". Wandering Kathakars communicated stories from the great epics and ancient mythology through dance, songs and music in a manner similar to early Greek theatre.Kathak dancers tell various stories through their hand movements and footwork, but most importantly through their facial expressions. Kathak evolved during the  Bhakti movement, particularly by incorporating the childhood and stories of the Hindu god Krishna, as well as independently in the courts of north Indian kingdoms. Kathak

19. Kathakali   is one of the major forms of classical Indian dance. It is a "story play" genre of art, but one distinguished by the elaborately colorful make-up, costumes and facemasks that the traditionally male actor-dancers wear.  Kathakali primarily developed as a Hindu performance art in the Malayalam-speaking southwestern region of India (Kerala). Kathakali

20. Manipuri dance , also known as  Jagoi , is one of the major Indian classical dance forms, named after the region of its origin – Manipur, a state in northeastern India bordering with Myanmar (Burma), Assam,  Nagaland and Mizoram. It is particularly known for its Hindu  Vaishnavism  themes, and exquisite performances of love-inspired dance drama of Radha -Krishna called  Raslila . However, the dance is also performed to themes related to  Shaivism ,  Shaktism  and regional deities such as Umang Lai during Lai Haraoba . Manipuri

21. Mohiniyattam , also spelled  Mohiniattam  , is one of the eight classical dances of India that developed and remain popular in the state of Kerala. The other classical dance form from Kerala is  Kathakali .  Mohiniyattam dance gets its name from the word  Mohini  – a mythical enchantress avatar of the Hindu god Vishnu, who helps the good prevail over evil by deploying her feminine powers. Mohini Attam

22. Odissi , also referred to as Orissi in older literature, is a major ancient Indian classical dance that originated in the Hindu temples of  Odisha  – an eastern coastal state of India.  Odissi , in its history, was performed predominantly by women, and expressed religious stories and spiritual ideas, particularly of  Vaishnavism  (Vishnu as  Jagannath ). Odissi performances have also expressed ideas of other traditions such as those related to Hindu gods Shiva and Surya, as well as Hindu goddesses ( Shaktism ). Odissi

23. Kuchipudi is one of the eleven major Indian classical dances. It originated in a village named  Kuchipudi  in the Indian state of Andhra Pradesh. Kuchipudi is a dance-drama performance, with its roots in the ancient Hindu Sanskrit text of  Natya Shastra . It developed as a religious art linked to traveling bards, temples and spiritual beliefs, like all major classical dances of India. Evidence of Kuchipudi's existence in an older version are found in copper inscriptions of the 10th century, and by the 15th century in texts such as the  Machupalli Kaifat . Kuchipudi tradition holds that Tirtha Narayana Yati – a  sanyassin  of  Advaita Vedanta persuasion, and his disciple, an orphan named Siddhendra Yogi, founded and systematized the modern version of Kuchipudi in the 17th century.  Kuchipudi largely developed as a Hindu god Krishna-oriented  Vaishnavism tradition,and it is most closely related to  Bhagavata Mela  performance art found in Tamil Nadu. Kuchipudi

24. Thank you By Rayyaan