Fluid Mechanics introduction with units.pdf

Fluid Mechanics Introduction

1. FLUID MECHANICS
Contact Hrs: 2+3
Credit Hrs : 3+1
Teacher Incharge : Engr. Zaib un Nisa

2. LECTURE-I
INTRODUCTION TO FLUID MECHANICS
Mechanics is the oldest physical science that deals
with bothstationaryandmovingbodiesunderthe
influenceofforces.
A substance in theliquidorgasphaseisreferredtoas
afluid. A fluid deforms continuously under the
influence of shear stress, no matter how small.

3. WHAT IS FLUID MECHANICS?
Fluid mechanics is defined as the science that deals with the
behavior of fluids at rest or in motion.
Branches of Fluid Mechanics:
The study of fluids at rest is called fluid statics.
Thestudyoffluidsinmotion,wherepressureforcesarenot
considered,iscalledfluidkinematics.
Ifthepressureforcesarealsoconsideredforthefluidsin
motion,thatbranchiscalledfluiddynamics.

4. SOME APPLICATION AREAS OF FLUID
MECHANICS

5. APPLICATION OF FLUID MECHANICS
Sea/river(flood)defences
Waterdistribution/sewerage(sanitation)networks/physicalfacilities;
Hydraulicdesignofwater/sewage(wastematter)treatmentworks;
Dams;
Irrigation;
PumpsandTurbines;
Waterretainingstructures.

6. APPLICATION OF FLUID MECHANICS
Andsomeexampleswheretheprimaryobjectisconstruction-yetanalysis
ofthefluidmechanicsisessential:
Flowofairin/aroundbuildings;
Bridgepiersinrivers;
Ground-waterflow.

7. FLUID MECHANICS-I
COURSE OUTLINE:
SR. NO. CHAPTERS
1 Introduction
2 Properties of fluid
3 Fluid Statics
4 Fluid Kinematics
5 Hydro dynamics/Fluid dynamics
6 Flow Measurement
7 Steady flow through pipes

8. CHAPTERS TOPICS
1Introductionfluidmechanism, hydrostatics,kinematics,
hydrodynamics,hydraulics,solidsandfluids,liquidsand
gases.Unitsanddimensions,
2Physical
Properties of
Fluids
specificweight,specificvolume,specificgravity,surface
tension,compressibility,viscosity,newton’sequationof
viscosity.
3Fluid Staticspressureintensityandpressurehead,pressurespecific
weightrelationship,absoluteandgagepressure,
measurementofpressure,piezometer,Manometer,
pressuretransducer,differentialmanometerandbourden
gage.Forcesonsubmergedplaneandcurvedsurfacesand
theirapplications.Buoyancyandfloatation,equilibriumof
floatingandsubmergedsurfaces.
4Fluid
Kinematics
steadyandunsteadyflow,laminarandturbulentflow,
uniformandnon-uniformflow,pathlines,streamlines
andstreamtubes,velocityanddischarge,equationof
continuityforcompressibleandincompressiblefluids.

9. CHAPTERS TOPICS
5Hydro
dynamics/Fluid
dynamics
differentformsofenergyinaflowingliquid,head,
Bernoulli’sequationanditsapplication,energylines
andhydraulicgradelines,freeandforcedvortex.
6Flow
Measurement
orifice and mouthpiece, sharp crested weir and notch,
pitot tube and pitot static tube, venturimeter.
7Steady flow
through pipes
Darcey’sweisbachequation for flow in pipes, energy
losses in pipelines, hydraulic grade lines and energy
lines, pipes in series and parallel, transmission of
energy through pipes.

11. COURSE LEARNING OUTCOMES
Sr.
No.
CLO Theory
Bloom’s
Taxonomy
PLO
1To describe the physical properties of fluids.C2 1
2
To analyze stability of floating and submerged
bodies.
C4 2
3
To compute pressure and centreof pressure
on submerged surfaces.
C3 2
4
To prepare hydraulic grade lines and energy
lines for pipes and open channels.
C4 4
5
To describe devices to measure pressure,
velocity and discharges in pipe lines and open
channels.
C2 1

12. COURSE LEARNING OUTCOMES
Sr.
No.
CLO Lab
Bloom’s
Taxonomy
PLO
1
To execute experiments to measure fluid
properties.
C2 4
2To recognize various apparatus in fluid lab.C4 1
3
To practice experiments to determine
coefficient of discharges.
C3 3
4
To respond actively the basic concepts of the
fluid statics, kinematics and hydrodynamics.
A2 10

13. REFERENCE BOOKS
❖FluidmechanicswithengineeringapplicationbyRobert
L.Daugherty
❖FluidMechanicsFundamentalsandApplicationsbyYunusA.
Cengel&JohnM.Cimbala
❖FluidMechanics,DouglasJF,GasiorekJM,andSwaffield
JA,Longman.
❖FluidMechanicsbyFrankM.White
❖Atextbookoffluidmechanicsandhydraulicmachines
byDr.R.K.Bansal

14. STATES OF MATTER
SOLID LIQUID GAS
FLUID

15. SOLIDS VS. FLUIDS
SOLIDS FLUIDS
Solids cannotflow. Fluids can flow.
Themolecules of solid are
very close to each other.
The molecules of fluid are
far away.
Solids have more molecular
attraction.
Fluids haverelatively less
molecular attraction.
Solidshave a definite shape.Fluids conform to the shape
of the container.
Solidscan sustain shear
forces.
Fluids cannot sustain shear
forces.

17. LIQUIDS VS. GASES
LIQUIDS GASES
Liquids have definite volume at any
particular temperature.
Gases do not have a definite
volume.
Molecules of liquids are closer to each
other.
Molecules of gases are far away.
Liquids have more molecular attractionGases have lesser molecular
attraction.
Liquids are slightly compressible
(generally termed as incompressible)
Gases are highly compressible.
Liquids have less rate of diffusion
(movement from a region of higher
concentration to lower concentration).
Gases have a higher rate of
diffusion.
Liquids have level and free surface.Gases do not have level and free
surface.

19. DIMENSIONAL ANALYSIS
Dimension=Adimensionisthemeasurebywhichaphysical
variableisexpressedquantitatively.
Unit=Aunitisaparticularwayofattachinganumbertothe
quantitativedimension.
Thuslengthisadimensionassociatedwithsuchvariablesas
distance,displacement,width,deflection,andheight,while
centimetersormetersarebothnumericalunitsfor
expressinglength.

20. PRIMARY DIMENSIONS
IN SI/METRIC SYSTEM
AND MKS SYSTEMS

21. SECONDARY DIMENSIONS