focus and epicenter.pptx

A powerpoint presentation about focus and epicenter with quiz.

1. Focus and Epicenter

2. The area inside the Earth where an earthquake starts is known as the focal point of the quake or the focus (hypocenter)

3. The point at the Earth's surface directly above the focus is known as the epicenter of the quake.

4. Seismic waves from a deep-focus earthquake lose more of their energy as they travel farther up to surface.

5. Anatomy of an Earthquake

6. INTENSITY and MAGNITUDE

7. Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology (PHIVOLCS) – is the service institute to mitigate disasters that may arise from volcanic eruptions, earthquakes, tsunamis and other related geotectonic phenomena.

8. It can be measured using a Mercalli Scale It is the measure of the damage released by the earthquake to its surroundings. What is Intensity?

9. Mercalli Scale

10. What is Magnitude? Magnitude measures the energy being released from the origin of the earthquake. It is measured by an instrument called seismograph .

11. The Richter Magnitude Scale measures the quantity of seismic energy released by an earthquake.

12. Difference between INTENSITY and MAGNITUDE INTENSITY Can be determined by observing the effects in different places. Can be measured using Mercalli Scale. Expressed in Roman Numerals. MAGNITUDE Measures the energy released by the earthquake. Can be measured using Richter Scale. Expressed in Hindu-Arabic Numerals.

13. ACTIVITY Make a 2-3 minute role playing act showing what to do before, during and after an earthquake starts.

14. FAULT TYPES

15. Two kinds of Faults Active Fault Inactive Fault

16. 1. ACTIVE FAULTS These are structures along which we expect displacement to occur. The process that produces displacement across a fault continuously . All shallow earthquakes occur on active faults .

17. 1. ACTIVE FAULTS Faults are commonly considered to be active if there has been movement observed or evidence of seismic activity during the last 10,000 years .

18. 2 . inACTIVE FAULTS These are structures that we can identify, but which do no have e arthquakes . If a fault has been inactive for millions of years, it’s certainly safe to call it inactive.

19. five active fault lines in the country Western Philippine Fault Eastern Philippine Fault South of Mindanao Fault Central Philippine Fault Marikina/Valley Fault System

20. Bring the following materials for the next activity Flat basin ( batya ) Water Rectangular piece of plastic or plywood R ock

21. EARTHQUAKES AND TSUNAMIS

22. Video of Tsunami

23. Tsunami i s caused by an earthquake and other movements on the ocean floor. It travels at speeds up to 600 miles per hour.

24. Awesome Words

25. Awesome Words

26. Earthquake Preparedness

27. What to do before an earthquake arrives?

28. What to do before an earthquake arrives?

29. What to do during an earthquake?

30. What to do during an earthquake?

31. What to do after an earthquake?

32. What to do after an earthquake?

33. Layers of the Earth

34. 4 3 2 1

35. CRUST The outermost and thinnest layer. It is made of loose material, like rocks, soil, and seabed. The crust is about 8 kilometers deep beneath the oceans and about 40 kilometers thick below the continents.

36. CRUST Crust is mainly made of different elements like oxygen, silicon, aluminum, calcium , sodium, and potassium. It makes up about 1% of the Earth’s total volume

37. MANTLE It extends approximately 2900 kilometers deep into the Earth. It makes up about 84% of the Earth’s total volume. The temperature in the mantle is about 1000 º C - 3000 º C, the high temperature and pressure in the mantle allows the solid rock to flow slowly.

38. MANTLE Mantle is mainly made of silicate rocks in the upper part making it solid layer and mostly iron in the lower part making it denser than the upper part of the mantle.

39. Outer core This is about 2200 kilometers beneath the Earth’s surface . The outer core consists of super-heated liquid molten lava about 2000 º C – 4000 º C.

40. Outer core The lava is mostly made up of iron and nickel, which is why some geologist call it molten metal instead of molten rock.

41. inner core This layer is about 1278 kilometers thick, has the temperature of 5000º C to 6000 º C that’s up to 6000 times hotter than our atmosphere . Outer core and inner core are about 15% of the Earth’s total volume.

42. inner core Inner core is also made of iron and nickel but stays solid because of the incredible pressure surrounding it.

43. The energy released during an earthquake comes in a form of seismic waves .

44. TYPES OF SEISMIC WAVES 1. Primary wave ( P-wave ) 2. Secondary wave (S-wave )

45. Primary Wave (P-Wave) Primary wave or P – wave is the fastest kind of seismic wave and the first to arrive ' at a seismic station. The P – wave can move in all kind of medium such as solid rock and fluids, water or the liquid layers of the earth and gas.

46. P – waves are compressional waves , because of the pushing and pulling or expanding and compressing they do on the ground

47. Secondary wave or S – wave the second wave you feel in an earthquake . An S – wave is slower than a P – wave and can only move through solid rock , not through any liquid medium. It is this property of S waves that led seismologists to conclude that the Earth's outer core is a liquid.

48. S – waves are shear waves that move rock particles up and down, or side-to-side, perpendicular to the direction the wave is traveling in. S – waves are more destructive that P – waves because of their larger amplitude.

49. Others You can enter a subtitle here in case you need it 04

50. A picture is worth a thousand words

51. 1,870 Big numbers catch your audience’s attention

52. earths is the Sun’s mass 333,000.000 is Jupiter’s rotation period 9h 55m 23s is a very long distance 386,000 km

53. The slide titles goes here! Do you know what helps you make your point clear? Lists like this one: They’re simple You can organize your ideas You’ll never forget to buy milk! And the audience won’t miss the point of your presentation

54. Did you know this? Neptune It’s the farthest planet from the Sun Venus It has a nice name, but It’s terribly hot

55. A picture always reinforces the concept Images reveal large amounts of data, so remember: use an image instead of long texts

56. Mineral classification Hardness Brightness Mercury is the closest planet to the Sun Venus is the second planet from the Sun Color Shape Neptune is far away from Earth Jupiter is the biggest planet in our System

57. Need more columns? Mercury Venus It’s the smallest planet in the Solar System Venus is the second planet from the Sun Saturn Neptune Saturn is a gas giant and has several rings It’s the farthest planet from the Sun Mars Despite being red, Mars is a cold place Jupiter It’s the biggest planet in the Solar System

58. Process Neptune It’s the farthest planet from the Sun Mars Despite being red, Mars is a cold place Venus Venus is the second planet from the Sun Step 1 Step 2 Step3 1 2 3

59. This is a Graph Mars 35% Despite being red, Mars is a cold place Venus 25% Venus is the second planet from the Sun Neptune 40% Neptune is the farthest planet from the Sun Follow the link in the graph to modify its data and then paste the new one here. For more info, click here

60. Overview Diagram Mercury is the closest planet to the Sun Jupiter is the biggest planet in our System Venus has a beautiful name, but it’s hot 1 2 3 Sun

61. Weathering Chemical Weathering Despite being red, Mars is a cold place Saturn is a gas giant and it has several rings Temperature Changes Mercury is the closest planet to the Sun Jupiter is the biggest planet in our System

62. Problems vs. Solution Solution Problems Neptune is the farthest planet from the Sun Mercury is the closest planet to the Sun

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65. Alternative Resources Vectors: Hand drawn spring landscape with lake mountains Artistic gradient mountains landscape Spring landscape scene Photos: Mountain landscape against sky with clouds Slopes mountains are covered with abundant rainforest Scenics view idyllic lake with mountain Aerial scenery view mountains Aerial scenery view waterfall Aerial scenery view

66. Vectors: Earth structure infographic with layers Mars landscape background Flat natural background with landscape Natural background with desert landscape Waterfalls collection cartoon style Illustrated blue gradient mountains landscape Orange landscape with mountains Photos: People holding earth their hands Reflection rocky mountains sky beautiful lake Resources

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