Food crop failure & Malnutition

Food crop failure & Malnutition

1. FOOD CROP FAILURE & MALNUTRITION BY: Smruti Rekha Panigrahi Adm No: 2020-HDJ-10

2. a failure of crops to yield sufficient food, to maintain a community or to provide a surplus to sell Crop Failure

3. Causes of crop failure

4. Consequences of crop failure

5. Challenges & Methods to Protect Crop Loss:   Sl. No PROCESS CHALLENGE SOLUTION 1 Sowing Climate and weather Suitable seeds 2 Pre-Harvesting Crop diseases Digital farming tools 3 Storage  Inadequate storage  Lower Temperatures 4 Processing Inadequate Processing Techniques Employee Training 5 Logistics/Transportation  Non-Refrigerated Transport Proper Products Preparation 6 Sale  Over-Cautious Retailers  Discounts  7 Household Consumption Food Waste Freeze Perishable Food

6. CHANGING CLIMATE SOLUTIONS Droughts Construction of farm ponds and rainwater harvesting Mulching Mixed or inter-cropping Floods Ridges and furrow system of farming Raised bed and furrow system of farming Deep drains along lower edge of the field Un-seasonal rains Chemical spray can be used to minimize the damage Hailstorms Covering the crops with some material is effective. Live wind breaks with a row of bamboo or other suitable plants can be used to protect the crops against strong winds. 

7. CLIMATE CHANGE THREATENS AGRICULTURE AND FOOD PRODUCTION Higher temperatures, water scarcity, extreme events like droughts and floods, and greater CO2 concentrations in the atmosphere have already begun to impact staple crops around the world. Maize and wheat production has declined in recent years due to extreme weather events, plant diseases, and an overall increase in water scarcity. 

8. CLIMATE CHANGE LIMITS FOOD ACCESS If climate change affects food production, it stands to reason that it also affects food access. This simple supply-and-demand has big impacts: Climate change and weather disasters (such as floods or drought) can lead to inflated prices for the food that is available. These price spikes leave the poorest households (urban poor and rural food-buyers) most vulnerable, with the urban poor spending up to 75% of their total budget on food alone.  Because our food systems are increasingly dependent on one another, this means that more frequent and more extreme events in one region could disrupt clusters of food systems — even the global food system as a whole. The areas least likely to adjust to a sudden event or shock, however, continue to be the ones disproportionately affected. 

9. CLIMATE CHANGE DECREASES NUTRITION AND NUTRITIONAL VALUE In many food-insecure areas, the next concern becomes nutrition. In low-income and agrarian communities, the patterns of food consumption are seasonal. A pre-harvest “lean season” will leave families reducing their food consumption (often skipping one or more meals each day) until the next harvest. With climate change reducing harvests, this means that the lean period may be extended if there are fewer supplies, or if it takes longer to get an adequate harvest . Alternatively, climate change can adversely affect the nutritional value of food that is grown. Studies show that higher carbon dioxide concentrations reduce the protein, zinc, and iron content of crops. By 2050, an estimated additional 175 million people could have zinc deficiencies (which can, among other things, make them more susceptible to illnesses) and an additional 122 million people could be protein deficient. Communities relying largely on plant harvests for their nutrition will, again, feel this most acutely.  Beyond plant-based nutrition, this also has a ripple effect on livestock, who rely on the same resources as humans to eat, grow, and produce meat and/or milk. Livestock are also severely threatened by drought, accounting for 36% of drought-related losses (crops account for 49%). Climate extremes also threaten fish populations, especially in areas like Southeast Asia. 

10. CLIMATE CHANGE INCREASES FOOD WASTE Rain doesn’t guarantee healthy crops, either. Higher rainfalls or flooding can produce toxic mold on crops. Crops grown in high-drought areas that are then moved into humid storage facilities are vulnerable to fungal infections or pests. The more climate changes and the more that extreme climate events become commonplace, the more food we lose on an annual basis.  According to the UN’s Food and Agriculture Organization, roughly one-third of the food produced by farmers is lost between the field and the market in low- and middle-income countries. In high-income countries, a similar amount is wasted between the market and the table. Currently, the food system contributes 21–37% of greenhouse gases, meaning that these food losses add to the climate crisis but do nothing for food security or malnutrition levels. 

11. Food security exist when all people at all time have physical social and economic access to sufficient safe and nutritious food which meets their dietary needs and food preferences for an active and healthy life (FAO 2002)

12. Food insecurity is often rooted in poverty and has long-term impacts on the ability of families, communities and countries to develop.

13. Current status Nearly 800 million people across the globe go to bed hungry every night. To meet the needs of a world population expected to reach 9 billion by 2050 , agricultural production will need to increase by at least 60 percent .

14. India’s poor population amounts to more than 300 million people, with almost 30 percent of India’s rural population living in poverty . The good news is, poverty has been on the decline in recent years. According to official government of India estimates, poverty declined from 37.2% in 2004-05 to 29.8% in 2009-10.

15. The Global Hunger Index (GHI) is a multidimensional statistical tool used to describe the state of countries' hunger situation. The GHI measures progress and failures in the global fight against hunger .

16. India is home to 25 percent of the world’s hungry population . An estimated 43 per cent of children under the age of five years are malnourished (WFP 2012) It has the world’s largest area under cultivation for wheat, rice, and cotton, and is the world’s largest producer of milk, pulses, and spices (World Bank 2014). Rural poverty declined by 8 percentage points from 41.8% to 33.8% and urban poverty by 4.8 percentage points from 25.7% to 20.9% over the same period (World Bank 2012).

17. Food Security Indicators Calorie Supply Per Capita, Receipts of Food Aid (cereals) Calorie supply per capita is amount of food available for consumption, measured in kilocalories per capita per day. This figure is reached by dividing the total available food supply for human consumption by the population. This dataset tracks the calorie supply per capita in each country for calories available from crop products. Although these figures can be taken as average supply available for consumption, actual consumption by individuals can vary greatly.

18. Receipts of Food Aid is the amount of cereals designated as food aid and transferred to that country from all donors. Cereals include wheat, barley, maize, rye, oats, millet, sorghum, rice, buckwheat, alpiste/canary seed, fonio, quinoa, triticale, wheat flour, and the cereal component of blended foods. The figure represents cereal aid donated on a total-grant basis or on highly concessional terms.

19. The report covers the following key questions in global food policy: How can we support the critical contributions of smallholders to food security in a world facing climate change? What are the causes and costs of food loss and waste within food systems, and how can this loss be reduced? How can sound management of water resources provide multiple benefits for health, nutrition, and sustainability? What policy choices can best promote sustainable management of agricultural land and soil resources and the ecosystem services they provide? Where are the most promising opportunities for exploiting synergies between green energy and food security goals? What changes in global diets can make the greatest contribution to food security and sustainability?

20. How can we feed a world of nine billion people by 2050? To do that, food production in developing countries must double in less than four decades. Despite recent progress, global food security and nutrition face existing and emerging challenges: climate change, natural disasters, land and water constraints, food safety risks, and persistent conflicts. Achieving the goal of eradicating hunger and malnutrition will become harder as diets change along with expanding urbanization and a rising middle class. The current global food system will need a paradigm shift to feed the world healthily and sustainably.

21. Fan proposed five areas where science and technology can play a critical role to promote the emergence of a new food system: Invest in agriculture R&D to produce more with less. Invest in biofortification to enhance health and nutritional status. Scale up existing agricultural technologies to improve food security. Support open data to connect knowledge networks . Engage in broader and more innovative partnerships to transform global food system for better nutrition and health outcomes.

22. Biofortification is a process that uses conventional breeding to increase critical vitamins and micronutrients such as zinc, iron, and vitamin A in staple crops

23. Major commodities distributed include staple food grains, such as wheat, rice, sugar, and kerosene, through a network of fair price shops (also known as ration shops) established in several states across the country. a reserve of a commodity that can be used to offset price fluctuations .

24. Challenges to achieving food security Global water crisis Land degradation Climate change Agricultural diseases Food sovereignty

25. Risks to food security Population growth Fossil fuel dependence Homogeneity in the global food supply Price setting Land use change Global catastrophic risks

26. World Summit on Food Security The World Summit on Food Security held in Rome in 1996 , aimed to renew a global commitment to the fight against hunger. The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) called the summit in response to widespread under-nutrition and growing concern about the capacity of agriculture to meet future food needs.

27. Feed the Future is the U.S. Government’s global hunger and food security initiative, which establishes a foundation for lasting progress against global hunger. focus on smallholder farmers, particularly women. Feed the Future supports partner countries in developing their agriculture sectors to spur economic growth that increases incomes and reduces hunger, poverty and undernutrition .

28. Efforts are driven by country-led priorities and rooted in partnership with governments, donor organizations, the private sector and civil society to enable long-term success Future aims to reduce the prevalence of poverty by 20 percent and the prevalence of stunted children under five years of age by 20 percent in the areas where the initiative works.