Forest ecosystem

Forest ecosystem

1. FOREST ECOSYSTEM BY: HAMZA SHAMS forest ecosystem 1

2. Ecosystem & forest-ecosystem An ecosystem is a biological community of interacting organisms and their physical environment. A forest ecosystem is a terrestrial unit of living organisms (plants, animals and microorganisms), all interacting among themselves and with the environment (soil, climate, water and light) in which they live. forest ecosystem 2

3. Factors of forest ecosystem Biotic (living) Includes plants, animals, micro-organisms (producers, consumers, decomposers) Abiotic (non-living) Rocks, mountain, soil, sunlight, water, air.. forest ecosystem 3

4. Forests food web.. forest ecosystem 4

5. Generally.. Has three main layers: canopy Understory forest floor In rainforests, coniferous, coastal, mangrove forests. forest ecosystem 5

6. Types of forests Generally we have; Deciduous forests Rainforests Tropical rain forests Temperate rain forests Coastal forests Coniferous forests Broad leaves forests Thorn forests Mangrove forests forest ecosystem 6

7. Deciduous forests Trees here have large, flat leaves that drop off in the fall and new leaves grow in spring. These grow in places with hot, wet summers and cool, dry winters. Light can penetrate easily onto the forest floor. Trees include oak, maple, teak and hickory etc . forest ecosystem 7

8. A glance on deciduous forests forest ecosystem 8

9. RAINFORESTS Trees are very tall and leaves are always green. Ample amount of rain occurs. Tropical rainforests located near the equator. One third of the world's tropical rainforests are in Brazil.  located in Southeast Asia and the Pacific Islands (25% of the world's tropical rainforests) and West Africa (18%). Temperate rainforests found along some coasts in temperate zones. largest temperate rainforests are found on the Pacific coast of North America. Norway, Japan, New Zealand, and southern Australia forest ecosystem 9

10. Continued forest ecosystem 10

11. Coastal forests • Grows in places where there is lots of rain. • Temperature is not too hot or too cold, just cool. forest ecosystem 11

12. Eastern hemlock & beech tree forest ecosystem 12

13. Coniferous forests Grow in the Himalayan mountain region Temperature is low. Have tall trees with needle-like leaves and downward sloping branches so that the snow can slip off the branches. Have cones instead of seeds and are called gymnosperms forest ecosystem 13

14. Different plants in coniferous forests forest ecosystem 14

15. A glance of coniferous forest.. forest ecosystem 15

16. Broad leaves forests Broad leaved forests have large leaves of various shapes and have several types. Examples are Silver birch, Ulmus glabra etc forest ecosystem 16

17. Trees and shrubs found in broad leaves forests.. forest ecosystem 17

18. Thorn forests are found in the semi- arid regions. Trees are scattered and are surrounded by open grassy areas. can conserve water. Have long and fibrous roots to reach water at great depths. reduce loss of water – some species have small leaves and some have thick waxy leaves. have thorns – protect plants from herbivores. forest ecosystem 18

19. Flora and fauna of thorn forests.. forest ecosystem 19

20. Mangrove forests grow along the coast especially in the river deltas. are able to grow in a mix and saline and fresh water, in muddy areas . forest ecosystem 20

21. Flora and fauna of mangrove forests.. forest ecosystem 21

22. Forests map of Pakistan.. forest ecosystem 22

23. Uses of forests ecosystem Fruits, flowers, food, medicines, wood, fodder etc forest ecosystem 23

24. Services of forest ecosystem Control flow of water Watershed protection Help increase ground Water level Prevent soil erosion Control temperature Absorb CO2 forest ecosystem 24

25. Threats to forest ecosystems D e f o r e s t a tion P oaching O v e re xploi t a ti o n of r esou r c e s D e v elopm e n t activities ( m inin g , dams) Ch a nging land use p a t t e r ns F r agm e nt a tion Habi ta t deg r ad a ti o n forest ecosystem 25

26. CON S E R V A TION OF F O R E S T E C O S Y S T EMS Use resources carefully Alternate source of energy for fuel wood Afforestation NP and Wildlife Sanctuaries Control population forest ecosystem 26

27. BE A PART TO KEEP THE BALANCE OF FORESTS ECOSYSTEM.. forest ecosystem 27