Forest resources.pptx

Forest Resources
Importance of Forest Resources
Associated Problems of Forests
Deforestation
Causes of Deforestation
Effects of Deforestation
Timber Extraction
Effects of Timber Extraction
Mining
Effects of Mining
References

1. Topic:- Forest Resources Subject Name :- Hazards & Safety Management Subject Code:- MQA201T Department of Pharmaceutical Quality Assurance Smt. B. N. B. Swaminarayan Pharmacy College, Salvav – vapi Presented by:- Machhi Dhruvi A. 2 nd sem M.Pharm .

2. CONTENTS Forest Resources Importance of Forest Resources Associated Problems of Forests Deforestation Causes of Deforestation Effects of Deforestation Timber Extraction Effects of Timber Extraction Mining Effects of Mining References 5/21/2022 Dhruvi Anilkumar Machhi 2

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4. Forest Resources A region having high concentration of trees is called as forest. A varied range of resources are provided by forests to the mankind & therefore, it holds a predominant position in their lives. Forests help in controlling climatic conditions, aid in storing carbon dioxide, lessen the chances of natural calamities like floods. Approximately 90% of the world biodiversity is due to forests. A forest can also be termed as a biotic community mostly comprising of trees, woody vegetation, shrubs, & generally with a closed canopy i.e. over-hanging covering. Forests cover around one third of the earth's total land area. They offer vital environmental services to human beings & indeed an abundant source of biodiversity. Hence, it can be concluded that forests are certainly the most precious wealth of incalculable worth of any nation. 5/21/2022 Dhruvi Anilkumar Machhi 4

5. Importance of Forest Resources The importance of forest resources can be explained as under: 1. Ecological Balance: Forests & wildlife are essential to maintain ecological balance of an area. 2. Renewable Natural Resources: Forests are an important renewable natural resources. 3. Eco-system: Trees dominate forest ecosystem; their species content varieties in different parts of the world. 5/21/2022 Dhruvi Anilkumar Machhi 5

6. 4. Economic Development: Forest contributes to the economic development of the country because they provide goods & services to the people & industry. 5. Safeguard against Pollution: Forest check air pollution and soil erosion. Thus, they exercise safety and against pollution. 6. Soil Conservation: Forest save the hill-slopes from landslides. 7. Wind Erosion: In deserts, trees reduce wind erosion by checking wind velocity. 5/21/2022 Dhruvi Anilkumar Machhi 6

7. 8. Attract Rainfall: By causing condensation of water vapor in clouds, forests attract rains. 9. Minor forest products: Some examples of minor forest products are canes, gums, resins, dyes, flocks, medicines, tannins, lac, fibres, katha etc. For tribal people it provide food like tuber, roots, leaves, fruits, meat from birds & other animals etc. 10. Fodder for Cattle: Forest provide fodder to cattle . 5/21/2022 Dhruvi Anilkumar Machhi 7

8. Associated Problems of Forests The main problems associated with forests resources are: 5/21/2022 Dhruvi Anilkumar Machhi 8

9. Deforestation 5/21/2022 Dhruvi Anilkumar Machhi 9

10. Deforestation 5/21/2022 Dhruvi Anilkumar Machhi 10 Deforestation is the removal of the forest area or trees so that the resultant land can be put to commercial use. For ex. forest land is converted to farms. factories are constructed for urban purposes. Deforestation means to cut trees or clear forests regions on a large scale which often degrades the land quality. The global coverage of forests is however 30% but many forest areas are still converted into barren lands by cutting vast forests. If the current rate of deforestation is continued, then rainforests will completely obliterate.

11. 5/21/2022 Dhruvi Anilkumar Machhi 11 A variety of reasons exist for deforestation, but the most basic one is to provide families with resources for daily use. For ex. In many parts of the world, wood is still used for energy purpose. Another major cause of Deforestation is agriculture. Forests are cleared by the farmers so as to gain more land for planting crops, vegetation & for grazing their cattle & other livestock. Farmers also resort to the practice of “slash & burn” agriculture in which they burn down a part of the forest & use the land for growing crops & other purposes.

12. Causes of Deforestation Main causes responsible for deforestation are as under: 1. Felling of trees: Trees are felling down to meet the ever increasing demand of the cities. 2. Grazing by the local cattle, goats, sheep etc. They not only destroy the vegetation but also pull out the roots of plants. After denudation of our Himalayas, the process of deforestation started in the Shivalik region. Shivalik sal forests were over-exploited for industry use, i.e. railway sleepers etc. Consequently, the foothills of the Shivaliks are in semi desert conditions. 5/21/2022 Dhruvi Anilkumar Machhi 12

13. 3. Meeting out the growing hunger for land: It has hit the ecology of the country badly very, soon India is likely to have more of wasteland than productive land. Large scale deforestation has badly affected the weather facing almost each year more of bleak than the normal weather. 4. The increase in jhum cultivation: Also called as Slash & Burn Cultivation. Jhum Cultivation in North east & Orissa has also laid large in forest tracts bare. 5/21/2022 Dhruvi Anilkumar Machhi 13

14. As the jhum cycle is shortened to six years only (in some districts, even 2-3 years only), too short period does not provide enough time for natural repair of damaged ecosystem. 5. Construction of hill roads: A major cause of deforestation has been the construction of hill roads. About a decade back, they were about 30,000 km long. Most of these roads are in state & most fragile belt of Himalayas. Road construction damaged the protective vegetation cover, both above & below roads. 5/21/2022 Dhruvi Anilkumar Machhi 14

15. Effects of Deforestation 5/21/2022 Dhruvi Anilkumar Machhi 15 Deforestation can cause for following: Loss of Species: The forests of the world are home to 70% of the species. Due to deforestation, many species are losing their habitat. The loss of the natural surroundings of the species leads to their gradual extinction from the Earth. This also has majorly influenced the field of medical research & also the livelihood of the local population which have a high dependence on plants & animals for medicines & hunting.

16. 5/21/2022 Dhruvi Anilkumar Machhi 16 2. Increase in Carbon Emission: The forests are the major source of absorbing harmful greenhouse emissions. These greenhouse gases have a huge role in depleting the ozone layer of the earth. In the absence of the forests, there will be increase in carbon emissions & greenhouse gases.

17. 5/21/2022 Dhruvi Anilkumar Machhi 17 3. Water Cycle: The forests are also helpful in maintaining the ground water supply by grounding rainwater in their roots & discharging it into environment. For ex. the Amazon forests hold more than half of the water in their roots. This helps in maintaining water cycle. In the absence of forests, the Earth’s climate will become dryer. 4. Soil erosion : Through their roots, trees firmly hold their soil & prevent soil erosion. In the absence of forest, soil will receive increase exposure of heat & will eventually dry out.

18. 5/21/2022 Dhruvi Anilkumar Machhi 18 5. Life Quality: The loss of soil due to deforestation also leads to seeping of soil into other life forms like lakes, rivers, stream etc. This reduces the quality of the water in these sources & impacts their usefulness to the human populations. 6. Disrupted Livelihoods: The forests are a major source of livelihood for many local population who are engaged in activities like hunting, honey gathering, medicine, rubber collecting, etc. from these forests. Deforestation has the impact of derailing the livelihood of such people & their way of life.

19. 2. Timber Extraction 5/21/2022 Dhruvi Anilkumar Machhi 19

20. Timber Extraction 5/21/2022 Dhruvi Anilkumar Machhi 20 It is the business of felling, trimming & transporting timber. The mining for timber causes extensive deforestation and also the destruction of the forests. It causes immense damage to the biodiversity & many indigenous species are at risk of becoming extinct. However the growing needs or developing economies makes it necessary at times to cut trees. This cutting of trees is done in a systematic & planned manner so that the bulk of the forests are not impacted.

21. Effects Of Timber Extraction 5/21/2022 Dhruvi Anilkumar Machhi 21 Timber extraction has the following effects: 1. Loss of Cultural Diversity: Forests are home for most indigenous of tribes of the world estimated to be close to 10 million. These people have lived in the forests for an eternity & now their entire world is at the risk of being taken by Governments & business for obtaining the natural resources that the forests have.

22. 5/21/2022 Dhruvi Anilkumar Machhi 22 2. Loss of Biodiversity: Biodiversity refers to the range & variability seen in the living species. This biodiversity is necessary for the survival of the Earth. Most ecosystems tend to exist in a state of dynamic equilibrium. It is unwise to assume that the human race is independent of this diversity & the fate of our human existence is not impacted by events which impact biodiversity. Deforestation & timber extraction results in loss of biodiversity which directly & indirectly risk lives of every living organism.

23. 5/21/2022 Dhruvi Anilkumar Machhi 23 3. Loss of Carbon Storage Capacity: Gases like Carbon dioxide are present in the atmosphere & are deeply associated with the various biological process occurring on earth. Forests maintain an ecological balance of oxygen & carbon dioxide in the environment as they have the capacity to absorb carbon dioxide. In the absence of forests, there will be an increase in the amount of carbon dioxide. The present world is witnessing large increase in carbon dioxide because of the rapid increase in consumption of fossil fuels. As a result, there is now a great increase in carbon content on earth which is leading to global warming.

24. 5/21/2022 Dhruvi Anilkumar Machhi 24 4. Effect on Tribal People: The food resources of forests often considered as a buffer because they help the communities to get over period of scarcity during scarcities. The forests are also the source of medicinal resources. There are thousands of plants which are now part of our medical literature & act as major source of medicines to fight deadly diseases. Even when the forests are replaced by large plantations, there is a certain loss of well-being for the people. This is because the people have to relocate themselves to new locations due to which they suffer from scarcity of food, water, fuel, fodder. etc, The large-scale deforestation of forests thus has a severe impact on the tribal cultures & people.

25. 5/21/2022 Dhruvi Anilkumar Machhi 25 3. Mining

26. Mining 5/21/2022 Dhruvi Anilkumar Machhi 26 Mining is the process of excavating the Earth's crust in search of valuable minerals & materials. It also encompasses removal of soil. Any object or material that cannot grown through agriculture or created in artificial conditions in a laboratory is mined. It generally refers to extensive extraction of any non-renewable resource like coal petroleum & even mineral water. Also, various materials like metals, rock-salt, potash, diamond, limestone, uranium, iron, etc. are also extracted.

27. 5/21/2022 Dhruvi Anilkumar Machhi 27 The effects of mining on forest resources are as follows: 1. Effect on Land: This has the following implications: i . Deforestation: Mining requires large areas of forest to be cleared so that the land can mined. This deforestation has far reaching effects on communities and the environment. Effects Of Mining

28. 5/21/2022 Dhruvi Anilkumar Machhi 28 ii. Loss of Biodiversity: Clearing of the forests also endangers the existence of many species of plants and animals. This severely impacts biodiversity. iii. Pollution: Even though attempts are made to release chemicals & toxins into rivers, a large portion still seeps into the land. This pollutes the land & changes its chemical properties. The chemical content makes the soil poisonous & all produce grown on such land can have damaging impact on human life.

29. 5/21/2022 Dhruvi Anilkumar Machhi 29 2. Effect on Water: Mining has the following impact on the water: i . Pollution: The harmful chemical waste from mining like mercury, arsenic, sulphuric acid, etc. are mostly disposed in the water like rivers & streams. The disposing of chemicals act as a major source of water pollution. ii. Loss of Aquatic Life: The toxic chemicals that are released in the water damage the aquatic life of flora & fauna. The excessive level of water also impacts the dissolved oxygen levels in water due to which the existence of aquatic life is at risk.

30. 5/21/2022 Dhruvi Anilkumar Machhi 30 iii. Spread of diseases: When water gets polluted from chemicals disposed from mining process, it also impacts the lives of the communities who use water for their day-to-day purposes. This exposes them to various diseases.

31. 5/21/2022 Dhruvi Anilkumar Machhi 31 3. Effects on Tribal people: Large-scale mining also impacts the livelihoods of local communities. There is large-scale displacement of established communities as the forest land is reclaimed for mining or other developmental work. Entire communities may have to give up traditions & forced to start livelihood in alien surroundings. The communities end-up losing their lands also the source of their livelihoods.

32. REFERENCES 1. Dr. Y. K. Singh, in "Environmental Science" ; New age international publishers, New Delhi, 2006, pp: 10- 2. Erach Bharucha in "Textbook of environmental studies for undergraduate courses"; University Grant Commission, New Delhi, 2004, pp: 20- 3. Ankur Choudhary, “Natural Resources & Associated Problems” https://www.pharmaguideline.com/2022/01/natural-resources-&-associated-problems.html 4. Dr. M. S. Kumar, Dr. Virendra Kumar, in Environmental Science, Thakur Publication, Lucknow, pp: 67-68 5/21/2022 Dhruvi Anilkumar Machhi 32

33. 5/21/2022 Dhruvi Anilkumar Machhi 33 THANK YOU