Formation of sp³ hybrid orbitals in water

Formation of sp³ hybrid orbitals in water

1. CONCEPTUAL
MAP
Problem Project
Investigation Evidence
Logical processes Interpretation
•Formation of sp³ hybrid orbitals in
water
•Tetrahedral orientation of orbitals,
with ideal bond angle (109°)
•Two orbitals filled (lone pairs), two
with one electron (bonding pairs)
•"Bent" geometry of water creating
a dipole moment (polar solvent)
In the above expression, the value
of [H2O] may be taken as having a
constant value because the degree
of ionisation is so small.
Kc =
Kc [H2O] =
[H+] [OH-]
•In ice, hydrogen bonds create
cavities, reducing density.
•In liquid water, transient
hydrogen bonds form clusters.
•Hydrogen bonds over a wide
temperature range.
•Water's high heat capacity due to
hydrogen bond breaking.
The pH scale was invented by the
Danish chemist Soren Sorensen to
measure the acidity of beer in a
brewery. The pH scale measured
the concentration of hydrogen ions
in solution. The more hydrogen
ions, the stronger the acid.
Water undergoes Self Ionisation
H2O(l) ⇄ H+(aq) + OH-(aq)
or
H2O(l) +H2O(l) ⇄ H3O+(aq) +
OH-(aq)
If base is slowly added, the litmus
will turn blue when the acid has
been neutralized, at about 6-7 on
the pH scale.Other indicators will
change color at different pH’s. A
combination of indicators is used
to make a universal indicator.

2. Problem
•Formation of sp³ hybrid orbitals in
water
•Tetrahedral orientation of orbitals,
with ideal bond angle (109°)
•Two orbitals filled (lone pairs), two
with one electron (bonding pairs)
•"Bent" geometry of water creating
a dipole moment (polar solvent)

3. Investigation
•In ice, hydrogen bonds create
cavities, reducing density.
•In liquid water, transient
hydrogen bonds form clusters.
•Hydrogen bonds over a wide
temperature range.
•Water's high heat capacity due to
hdrogenbondbreaking

4. Logical processes
Water undergoes Self Ionisation
H2O(l) ⇄ H+(aq) + OH-(aq)
or
H2O(l) +H2O(l) ⇄ H3O+(aq) +
OH-(aq)
The concentration of H+ ions and
OH- ions
isextremelysmall

5. Project
In the above expression, the value
of [H2O] may be taken as having a
constant value because the degree
of ionisation is so small.
Kc = Kc [H2O] = [H+] [OH-]

6. Evidence
The pH scale was invented by the
Danish chemist Soren Sorensen to
measure the acidity of beer in a
brewery. The pH scale measured
the concentration of hydrogen ions
in solution. The more hydrogen
ions, the stronger the acid.

7. Interpretation
If base is slowly added, the litmus
will turn blue when the acid has
been neutralized, at about 6-7 on
the pH scale.Other indicators will
change color at different pH’s. A
combination of indicators is used
tomakeauniversalindicator

8. Problem
•Formation of sp³ hybrid orbitals in
water
•Tetrahedral orientation of orbitals,
with ideal bond angle (109°)
•Two orbitals filled (lone pairs), two
with one electron (bonding pairs)
•"Bent" geometry of water creating
a dipole moment (polar solvent)

9. Investigation
•In ice, hydrogen bonds create
cavities, reducing density.
•In liquid water, transient
hydrogen bonds form clusters.
•Hydrogen bonds over a wide
temperature range.
•Water's high heat capacity due to
hdrogenbondbreaking

10. Logical processes
Water undergoes Self Ionisation
H2O(l) ⇄ H+(aq) + OH-(aq)
or
H2O(l) +H2O(l) ⇄ H3O+(aq) +
OH-(aq)
The concentration of H+ ions and
OH- ions
isextremelysmall

11. Project
In the above expression, the value
of [H2O] may be taken as having a
constant value because the degree
of ionisation is so small.
Kc = Kc [H2O] = [H+] [OH-]

12. Evidence
The pH scale was invented by the
Danish chemist Soren Sorensen to
measure the acidity of beer in a
brewery. The pH scale measured
the concentration of hydrogen ions
in solution. The more hydrogen
ions, the stronger the acid.

13. Interpretation
If base is slowly added, the litmus
will turn blue when the acid has
been neutralized, at about 6-7 on
the pH scale.Other indicators will
change color at different pH’s. A
combination of indicators is used
tomakeauniversalindicator