From Lab to Plate: Harnessing Plant Genetic Engineering for Resilient and Sustainable Agriculture.pptx

With the ongoing expansion of the global population, the issues around food security, environmental sustainability, and resource scarcity are becoming progressively more urgent, and genetic engineering emerges as a powerful tool for sustainable agriculture. Breeders have been able to produce improved varieties, like improvement of different yield and yield attributing traits of many crops by conventional breeding methods; however, numerous obstacles persist, and the advent of new technologies holds promise for tackling these hurdles. The area of crop improvement has been transformed by developments in genetic engineering technology, which have opened up previously unimaginable prospects to increase agricultural productivity, sustainability, and resilience.
This presentation seeks to provide a comprehensive study of the key concepts and methodologies associated with genetic engineering, including prominent tools such as zinc finger nucleases CRISPR-Cas9 and TALENs. It also explores the several approaches used to manipulate crop genomes, including agrobacterium-assisted gene transfer and particle bombardment techniques, emphasizing their advantages. The use of advanced genetic engineering technology has helped identify new features and emerged as a crucial factor in ensuring food security. In addition, this chapter also examines the specific use of genetic engineering in improving agricultural crops. We explore the potential for accurate and focused modifications to impart desirable traits, such as tolerance to biotic and abiotic stresses, enhanced nutritional value, and increased yield. Additionally, we emphasise the distinct genes and proteins involved in conferring these traits. This chapter discusses the potential implications of CRISPR-Cas9 technology for enhancing various qualities. In this context, we further examine the capacity of genetic engineering to bring about significant changes in relation to worldwide issues such as climate change, food security, and sustainability.

1. From Lab to Plate: Harnessing Plant Genetic Engineering for Resilient and Sustainable Agriculture

2. As the global population continues to grow and the challenges of food security, environmental sustainability, and resource scarcity become increasingly pressing, genetic engineering emerges as a powerful tool for sustainable agriculture. Introduction:

3. Different Genome editing tools: Source: Akram et al ., 2023

4. The CRISPR-Cas9 Technique:

5. ZFN ( Zinc finger Nuclease ) & TALEN ( Transcription Activator-Like Effector Nucleases ).

6. Agrobacterium-Mediated Transformation:

7. The implementation of genome editing methodologies to augment the tolerance of different plant species towards abiotic stresses.

8. Sl No. Host Plant Sp. Target Traits Targeted Gene/ Sequence (s) Result Method References 1. Solanum lycopersicum Tolerance to severe chilling injury SlCBF1 Transcription factor for chilling injury responses CRISPR/Cas9 [Li R,et al., 2018, Charve et al., 2018 ] 2. Oryza sativa Cadmium toxicity tolerance OsNRAMP5 The role of the Natural Resistance associated Macrophage protein 5 (NRAMP5) in conferring tolerance to Cadmium toxicity. CRISPR/Cas9 [Chang et al., 2020, Chu et al., 2022] 3. Oryza sativa, Brassica Sp. Salt tolerance PcINO1 Myo-inositol 1-phosphate synthase (responsible for salt tolerance) CRISPR/Cas9 [ Das-Chatterjee et al., 2006 ] 4. Zea mays Drought tolerance ARGOS8 Increased Crop Productivity in Response to Drought Stress in Field Environment CRISPR/Cas9 [ Tripathi et al., 2014]

9. The genetic enhancement of various crops to enhance their resistance against insects.

10. Sl No. Crop Gene used Target Insect Reference 1. Pigeon pea cry2Aa Pod borer [ Baburao et al., 2018] 2. Maize cry1Ab/cry2Aj Harmonia axyridis [Chang et al., 2017] 3. Cotton Vip3AcAa+ Cry1Ac Helicoverpa armigera [Chen et al., 2018] 4. Cotton Vip3A and VipCot proteins Helicoverpa zea , Heliothis virescens [ Bommireddy et al., 2011] 5. Rice cry1Aa or cry1Ab Stripe stem borer Insect [ Breitler et al., 2004]

11. Utilizing genome editing for enhancing disease resistance in different plant species

12. Sl No. Host Plant Sp. Pathogen Targeted Gene/ Sequence (s) Result Method Reference 1. Oryza sativa Magnaporthe oryzae OsERF922/exon Rice blast resistance CRISPR/Cas9 [Wang et al., 2016] 2. Arabidopsis thaliana Potyvirus eIF (iso)4E Potyvirus resistance CRISPR/Cas9 [ Pyott et al., 2016] 3. Triticum aestivum Blumeria graminis f. sp. Tritici TaMLO-A1 Powdery mildew resistance CRISPR/Cas9 [Wang et al., 2014] 4. Solanum lycopersicum Phytophthora capsici , Xanthomonas spp. SlDMR6-1/exon phytophthora blight, bacterial spot resistance CRISPR/Cas9 [ Thomazella et al., 2021] 5. Malus domestica Erwinia amylovora DIPM 1, 2, 4 Fire blight resistance CRISPR/Cas9 [ Malnoy et al., 2016]

13. Utilizing genome editing for enhancing herbicide resistance in different plant species

14. Sl No. Host Plant Sp. Targeted Gene/ Sequence (s) Result Method Reference 1. Linum usitatissimum EPSPS Tolerance to Glyphosate CRISPR/Cas9 [Saurer et al., 2016] 2. Nicotiana tabacum MEL1 Tolerance to herbicides ZFN [Cai et al., 2009] 3. Arabidopsis ALS ( Mutation at Trp574/Ser653) Herbicide tolerance via non-homologous end joining (NHEJ) CRISPR/Cas9 [Li et al., 2016] 4. Oryza sativa EPSPS Glyphosate tolerance CRISPR/Cas9 [Li et al., 2016] 5. Oryza sativa TubA2 ( Mutation at Met268) Adenine base editor for Herbicide tolerance CRISPR/Cas9 [Zhang et al., 2021]

15. Utilizing genome editing to enhance quality in different plant species

16. Sl No.   Improved Crop Target Traits Targeted Gene/ Sequence (s) Result Method Reference 1. Oryza sativa Nutritional Quality OsBADH2 2 Increased fragrance content TALEN [Shan et al., 2015] 2. Triticum aestivum Grain size TaGS5‐3A Larger kernel size and yield CRISPR-Cas9 [Ma et al., 2016] 3. Zea mays Nutritional improvement ZmIPK Phytic acid content has decreased CRISPR-Cas9, TALEN [Liang et al., 2014] 4. Hordeum vulgare Development and yield HvCKX1 Increase grain yield CRISPR-Cas9 [ Holubo vá et al., 2018 ] 5. Solanum lycopersicum Nutritional improvement SlAN2 Biosynthesis of anthocyanins in the 'Indigo Rose' purple tomato cultivar CRISPR-Cas9 [Zhi et al., 2020]

17. Conclusion: Revolutionizing Genetics. Precision and Efficiency. Precision Crop Improvement. Accelerated Breeding Programs . Preservation of Biodiversity.

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19. Thank you