Fruit

Terminology of fruit is given.

1. Presented by: Ishtiaq Ahmad Govt. Degree College Tangi Charsadda

2. The fruit Ripened ovary of a flower containing seeds. Types of fruits Simple fruits 2. Aggregate fruits 3. Composite fruits 1. Simple fruits: Such fruits which develop from a single flower, in which the gynoecium is monocarpellary or polycarpellary but syncarpous . E.g. Brassica

3. 2. Aggregate fruits: A collection of simple fruitlets which develop from apocarpous pistil of single flower e.g. Lotus, strawberry,

4. 3. Composite fruit: the fruit which develop from whole inflorescence e.g. Morus

5. 1. Simple fruit (Dry or Succulent) Simple Dry fruits: 3 types a. Achenial fruit b. Capsular fruit c. Schizocarpic fruit

6. 1 (a) Achenial fruit These are dry and one seeded fruits which are indehiscent I.e. pericarp when ripe does not split open to liberate the seeds. Types of Achenial fruits Achene Caryopsis Nut Samara Cypsella

7. 1 (a)( i ) Achene This is derived from monocarpellary pistil with a superior ovary, containing single seed. The pericarp is membranous or leathery and free from testa . E.g. sunflower

8. 1(a) (ii) caryopsis This is a form of achenial fruit in which the pericarp and testa are fused. e.g. wheat, maize, barley, oat.

9. 1(a)(iii) Nut Pericarp hard and woody forming a shell. E.g. lichi , chestnut ( Eleocharis dulcis ), oak ( Quercus ) etc.

10. Lychee

11. chestnut

12. oak

13. Hazel nut (  Corylus )

14. 1(a)(iv) Samara This is an achenial fruit in which the pericarp develops a membranous outgrowth or wing which helps in its dispersal e.g. Dodonaea , Ulmus spps . (elm), Fraxinus spp. (Ash)

15. Dodonaea

16. Ulmus pumila

17. Fraxinus spp. ( ASh )

18. 1(a)(iv) Cypsella It is developed from bicarpellary syncarpous pistil with an inferior ovary. In many cases the persistant calyx forms a tuft of hairs called pappus at the top of the fruit e.g. Sonchus

19. 1(b) Capsular fruit These are dry, many seeded and dehiscent fruits. Types: i ) Legume ii) Follicle iii) Siliqua iv) Silicula v ) Capsule

20. 1(b)( i ) Legume This is formed from a monocarpellary pistil with a superior unilocular ovary. It dehisces along both it dorsal and ventral sutures. It is the characteristics fruit of the family leguminoseae e.g. pea, bean etc.

21. 1(b) (ii) Follicle It is also formed from a monocarpellary pistil with a superior unilocular ovary like a legume, but it dehisces along one suture only, e.g. Delphinium ( lakhspur ).

22. Delphinium sp .

23. 1(b)iv Siliqua This is long, narrow, cylindrical fruit formed from a bicarpellary , syncarpous pistil with superior ovary, having two parietal placentas. It is the characteristics fruit of the cruciferae e.g. Brassica

24. 1(b)v Capsule This develops from a polycarpellary, syncarpous pistil with superior ovary which may be unilocular or multilocular e.g. Papaver , Primrose ( Primula vulgaris ), Datura , Hibiscus etc. Sometimes it is formed from an inferior ovary as in, Iris, Campanula

25. 1 (C) Schizocarpic fruit These are dry, many seeded fruits which break up into many one-seeded parts on ripening. If the one seeded parts are dehiscent, they are called cocci and if indehiscent, they are known as mericarps .

26. 1(c)i Lomentum This is a legume modified by the formation of fasle septa and constrictions between the seeds. E.g. Albezzia , Dalbergia , Mimosa etc.

27. 1(c)ii Double Samara This is formed from a bicarpellary pistil with superior ovary. It breaks up into two mericarps each a single seed and is provided with wings. E.g. Acer, Maple

28. 1(c)iii Cremocarp This develops from a bicarpellary , syncarpous pistil with an inferior, bilocular ovary. On ripening it splits longitudinally between the loculi into two one seeded mericarps . E.g. Carum carvi (coriander) , Foeniculum vulgare

29. 1(c)iv Carcerulus This develops from a bicarpellary , syncarpous pistil with superior ovary. The original loculi are divided into many by formation of fasle septa. One ripening, the loculi separate from one another as mericarps . E.g. Abutilon

30. 1(c)v Regma The fruit is derived from tricarpellary , syncarpous pistil with a superior trilocular ovary, having a single seed in each loculus . On ripening the fruit breaks up into many one seeded cocci e.g. castor oil plant.

31. Simple succulent fruit The wall of the ovary is three layered. When the ovary ripens into fruit, all the layers may become dry and hard or one or more of them may become fleshy and juicy. In dry fruits these layers lose identity and the wall as a whole forms pericarp. In succulent fruits, the layers are distinct and the pericarp consists of an outer layer or epicarp , a middle layer mesocarp and inner layer endocarp.

32. Types of simple succulent fruits a) Drupes b) Berries c) Pome

33. 1(a) Drupe They are derived from monocarpellary pistil with a superior ovary. They usually have one seed as in mango, peach, plum, apricot etc. In mango the pericarp can be divided into outer skin or epicarp , the middle fleshy region or mesocarp and the inner hard layer or endocarp. In almond, the mesocarp becomes hard and dry at maturity and cracks open to expose the stony endocarp which encloses the seed.

34. 1(b) Berries These are indehiscent, many seeded, fleshy or pulpy fruits. These may be derived from superior or inferior ovaries. The epicarp forms the outer skin, while the mesocarp and endocarp are succulent, forming a fleshy pulp in which the seeds are embedded. E.g. binjal , grape, orange etc.

35. Special types of berries 1. Hespiridium : Berry with a non-edible leathery rind, fibrous mesocarp and edible endocarp made up of fleshy hairs.

36. Pepo An indehiscent fleshy, many-seeded berry (such as a pumpkin, squash, melon, or cucumber) that has a hard rind and is the characteristic fruit of the gourd family.

37. Balausta A  fleshy indehiscent  fruit developing from multicarpellary , multilocular inferior ovary whose pericarp is tough and leathery. Seeds are attached irregularly with testa being the edible portion. Example:  Pomegranate .

38. 1(c) Pome This develops from a syncarpous pistil with a bilocular or multilocular inferior ovary. The outer edible portion of the fruit are formed from thalamus while the central core enclosing the seeds develop from carpels and is therefore, the pericarp. E.g. apple, pear, and louqat etc.

39. 2. Aggregate fruits A collection of simple fruitlets which develop from an apocarpous pistil of a single flower, is called aggregate fruits. Such collection of simple fruitlets is called an etaerio .

40. 2(i) Etaerio of Achenes (Buttercup)

41. 2(ii) Eaterio of follicle

42. 3. Composite fruit These fruit develop from a whole inflorescence.

43. 3(i) Syconus This develops from a hypanthodium . When ripe, the recepticles of the infloresecnce becomes fleshy and edible part of the fruit.

44. 3(ii) sorosis This develop from a female spike e.g. Mulberry