Fruits

Fruits, Types of fruits, Fleshy fruits, Dry fruits, Simple fruits, Aggregate fruits, Multiple fruits, Classification of fruits, Dry Dehiscent fruit, Dry indehiscent fruits

1. R. NITHYA M. Sc., M. Phil ., (Ph. D) ASSISTANT PROFESSOR IN BIOTECHNOLOGY SRI ADI CHUNCAHNAGIRI WOMEN’S COLLEGE, CUMBUM, THENI DT, TAMILNADU. FRUITS

2. FRUITS - Fertilized and ripened ovary with one or more seeds. - Wall of the fruit is called pericarp . - Pericarp is made of 3 layers - outer epicarp - middle mesocarp - Inner endocarp CLASSIFICATION OF FRUITS The fruits are classified into three types. Simple fruits Aggregate fruits Multiple fruits or composite fruits

3. POSITION OF OVARY Hypogyny – The ovary is superior, ovary is at higher level, other parts below the ovary. Epigyny – The ovary is inferior, Ovary is at lower level, other parts are arise above the ovary. Perigyny - The ovary is half inferior, other parts are more or less at the same level

4. SIMPLE FRUITS Fruit is developed from the ovary of a single flower, whether monocarpellary or syncarpous, is known as simple fruit. Simple fruits are of two kinds - Simple fleshy fruits - Simple dry fruits Dry Dehiscent fruits Dry indehiscent fruits

5. SIMPLE FLESHY FRUITS The pericarp or fruit wall is fleshy and juicy. - Berry - Drupe - Hesperidium - Pome - Pepo

6. BERRY Develops from superior or inferior ovary of a syncarpous ovary. Fleshy pericarp is differentiated into an outer epicarp inner mesocarp And seeds are embedded in to fleshy mesocarp.

7. DRUPE - Develops from a syncarpous ovary - Pericarp is differentiated into Outer epicarp , a middle mesocarp and an inner endocarp. - Mesocarp is fleshy in mango and fibrous in coconut.

8. HESPERIDIUM -Develops from a multicarpellary , syncarpous, superior ovary. -Pericarp is differentiated into outer thick epicarp , middle membranous mesocarp and as inner divided endocarp. - Endocarp grow out numerous, swollen hairs containing a syrupy juice.

9. POME - Develops from syncarpous, inferior ovary. - The torus becomes fleshy and form the major portion of the fruit. - Torus forms the edible fleshy portion it surrounds the real fruit. E.g . Apple, Pear

10. PEPO - Develops from syncarpous inferior ovary. - Pericarp – an outer epicarp and an inner mesocarp in which seeds are embedded. E.g. Cucumber

11. SIMPLE DRY FRUITS In simple dry fruits the pericarp is dry and not fleshy. Types of simple dry fruits Dry dehiscent fruits Dry indehiscent fruits.

12. DRY DEHISCENT FRUITS LEGUME Legume or pod develops from monocarpellary gynoecium . Pericarp splits open along both the margins to liberate the seeds. E.g. Pea

13. FOLLICLE - Develops from bicarpellary , sub- apocarpous gynoecium . - Pericarp breaks along one margin. E.g. Calotropis .

14. LOMENTUM In these fruit number of transverse constrictions are formed between the seeds. The fruit breaks up transversely into one-seeded parts. E.g. Acacia, Mimosa .

15. CAPSULE - Usually from a compound, syncarpous pistil, usually many seeded. - Pericarp open with pores or slits. E. g. Okra

16. TYPES OF CAPSULE Based on mode of dehiscence the capsule are of different types. - Loculicidal capsule - Septicidal capsule - Septifragal capsule - Porous capsule - Pyxidium

17. LOCULICIDAL CAPSULE - Pericarp breaks along the middle of the locules . E.g . Hibiscus esculentus .

18. b. SEPTICIDAL CAPSULE -Pericarp breaks along the middle of the locules . - The dehiscence is along the septa E.g. Aristolochia

19. c. SEPTIFRAGAL CAPSULE - The dehiscence is loculicidal or septicidal . -The pericarp valves fall-off, leaving the seeds attached to the central axis. E.g. Datura .

20. d. POROUS CAPSULE When the fruits are ripe, a number of small holes or pores are developed on the top of the fruit. The seeds are liberated through the holes. E.g. Poppy

21. e. PYXIDIUM The upper part of pericarp thrown off as a lid then the seeds are exposed. Transverse dehiscence. E.g . Eucalptus .

22. SILIQUA Develops from a superior, bicarpellary ovary. The ovary is unilocular first but due to the formation of false septum it becomes bilocular . The pericarp spit into two halves. The seeds are attached to repulum . E.g. Brassica

23. SILICULA Similar to siliqua , contains few seeds - And the replum is shorter and flattened. E.g. Capsella

24. SCHIZOCARP - Derived from syncarpous multilocular ovary. -It is really a septicidal capsule it dehisces along the ventral suture(joint), but in schizocarp it dehisces into two mericarps , which is indehiscent. E.g. Coriander.

25. DRY INDEDISCENT FRUITS - Pericarp does not break open and the seeds are exposed only after the pericarp decays.

26. ACHENE - Develops from the syncarpous unilocular inferior ovary. Pericarp is fused with testa of seeds. E.g. Naravelia , Helianthus

27. UTRICLE Simple dry indehiscent one seeded fruit. Seed is small occupies small portion of fruit. E.g. Amaranthus

28. CARYOPSIS Develops from Superior Monocarpellary Ovary. The pericarp is fused with the testa of the seed. E.g. Wheat, Maize .

29. SAMARA This type of one seeded fruit developed from monocarpellary gynoecium . The pericarp is winged. E.g. Pterocarpus,Ventilago .

30. NUT - One seeded fruit developed from unilocular , one ovuled and syncarpous, superior ovary. - Pericarp is hard and woody. E.g. Cashew-Nut.

31. AGGREGATE FRUITS Fruits developed from a polycarpellary, apocarpous pistil of a single flower. The ovary of each carpel develops into a fruitlet . E.g. Annona , Polyalthia , Artabotrys . In Annona , the fruit is aggregate of berries.

32. In Polyalthia and Artabotrys the berries are free. Inflorescence Fruits

33. AGGREGATE OF FOLLICLES In Michelia , the fruit is an aggregate of follicles.

34. AGGREGATE OF DRUPES In Raspberry the fruit is an Aggregate of drupes.

35. AGGREGATE OF ACHENES In C lematis , the fruit is an aggregate of achenes

36. MULTIPLE FRUITS Fruits are developed from inflorescence. Multiple or collective fruits Ovary – fruits Fruits of all flower of the inflorescence fuse together to form a compound or multiple fruit.

37. SOROSIS - The fruit is developed from an inflorescence. - Flowers are unisexual. - Female spike develops into fruit. - Perianth become thick and succulent and form the sweet edible fakes. - Seed present in membranous sac. - The bag is the pericarp . - There are numerous flat, elongated whitish structures - sterile and unfertilized flowers. E.g. Jackfruit . Male and Female part of flower

38. SYCONIUM - Developed from the hypanthodium inflorescence. -The fleshy receptacle forms the edible part. E.g. Ficus

39. MORINDA - Develops from inferior ovaries of the flowers of an inflorescence. -Ovary of each flower develops into one-seeded berry. - All the berries united and form the compound fruit.

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