Fruits (Introduction+Fennel)

this data prepared for pharmacy students. it includes:
1.Brief introduction to fruits (definition + function+ classification).
2. General characters of family Apiaceae (Umbelliferae).
2. Fennel (Origin, Morphology, microscopical characters, T.S., Active constituents & uses)
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Prepared by: Mahmoud sallam (Assistant lecturer of pharmacognosy at Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University)

1. Fruits By: Mahmoud Sallam Demonstrator of Pharmacognosy Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University

2. Items Introduction to fruits: Definition. Function. Classification. Umbelliferae fruits: Fennel.

3. Fruits Definition : The fruit is the developed and ripened ovary or ovaries of a single flower or whole inflorescence. Ovary develops into a Fruit . Ovary wall develops into a Pericarp Ovule develops into a Seed . Function : Protection for the seed. Nourishing the seed during development. Insurance of seed distribution when mature.

4. Remember !!! Gynoecium = Pistil = Female reproductive part. Syncarpous = Multiple carpels "fused" into a single structure. Apocarpous = multiple" distinct, free, unfused" carpels.

5. Structure of the fruit The fruit consists of a swollen modified ovary wall, known as the pericarp, enclosing the seeds arranged on the placenta. The pericarp consists of: Epicarp ( exocarp ): outer layer Mesocarp : middle tissue Endocarp : inner most part. In a peach, the skin is the exocarp, the yellow flesh is the mesocarp, while the stone surrounding the seed represents the endocarp.

6. Classification of fruits: False True Derived from the gynoecium + other floral parts. E.g. pomes (apple, pear .. etc.) Derived from the gynoecium only. E.g. Mango. Epicarp Mesocarp Endocarp Pericarp Pericarp Fleshy Receptacle (Hypanthium)

7. = From single flower with a single or Syncarpous ovary. = From single flower with Apocarpous ovary. = From the whole inflorescence .

8. (dry pericarp ) (fleshy pericarp)

9. = splits open when ripe. = does not split open when ripe. = bi- or multilocular fruit, splits into one-seed indehiscent parts.

10. Follicle : monocarpellary splits along one side only .

11. Legume : Monocarpellary splits along the two sides . e.g. Leguminosae

12. Siliqua : splits by two valves from base to apex , and contains false septum which is outgrowth from placenta False septum e.g. Mustard fruits

13. Capsule : formed of 2 or more carpels, splits by different ways. 1 . Valves a. septicidal b. Loculicidal c. Septifragal . 2. Lid. 3. pores.

14. Septicidal = Splits along the middle septa (e.g . Linseed fruit) Loculicidal = Splits along the middle line of each locule (e.g . cardamom) Septifragal = as previous but the seeds remains attached to the central axis (e.g . Datura)

15. e.g. Hyoscyamus e.g. Poppy

16. Achene : Monocarpellary the pericarp membranous and free from the testa i.e . not fused with it . e.g. Strawberry (aggregate of achenes).

17. Grain : Monocarpellary the pericarp membranous but fused with the testa . e.g. Graminaceous fruits

18. Nut : Similar to achene but pericarp is hard and woody . e.g. Hazel nut.

19. Cypsela : Bicarpellary , unilocular one-seeded fruit . e.g. Compositae fruits .

20. Samara : winged one-seeded fruit .

21. Schizocarpic They have dry pericarp. As they ripen, they split up into a number of one-seeded, indehiscent parts called mericarps .

22. Cremocarp : Bicarpellary bilocular splits longitudinally into two one-seeded mericarps . e.g. Umbelliferae fruits

23. Classification of fruits: Succulent = These fruits have part or most of the pericarp formed of a fleshy tissue.

24. Drupe : Epicarp : leathery. Mesocarp : fleshy. Endocarp : hard & woody enclosing single seed. e.g. olive , apricot, peach, mango .

25. Berry : Pericarp: is entirely fleshy (endocarp is neither hard nor lignified). e.g. Citrus fruits, tomato .

26. Aggregate ( Etaerio ) of achenes . e.g. Strawberry.

27. Aggregate ( Etaerio ) of Follicles . e.g. star anise.

28. Strobile : A fruit derived from a scaly inflorescence called strobile . e.g . Hops .

29. Sorosis : Derived from a spike or spadex inflorescence, with fleshy axis in which the fruits are embedded.. e.g . Pineapple .

30. Syconus : Succulent hollow receptacle enclosing achene-like fruits . e.g. Figs.

31. Umbelliferous fruits General Characters: Umbelliferous fruits are schizocarpic fruits ( cremocarps ) each cremocarp split longitudinally into two one-seeded mericarps attached to carpophore. The apex of fruits is crowned with conical structure named stylopod (represent the remains of the style, stigma, and nectary disc).

32. The mericarp is characterized by: Each mericarp has a flat surface (commissural or ventral surface), and a rounded surface (dorsal surface ). The surface of each mericarp is characterized by the presence of five 1ry ridges (over vascular bundles) and six 2ry ridges (over vittae ). Under each 1ry ridge → a bicollateral v.b . is present. Under each 2ry ridge → a schizogenous duct ( vitta ) is located. The seed is endospermic (albuminous) and derived from anatropous ovule. Endosperm is oily. Embryo is small and apical

33. Fennel - الشمر

34. Fennel Origin : It is dried ripe fruits of Foeniculum vulgare . Family : Umbelliferae (Apiaceae).

35. Macroscopical Characters : Cremocarp → two mericarp, bifid stylopod. Mericarps → straight or slightly curved, showing 5 prominent 1ry ridges. Size : 7-10 mm long. Colour : greenish yellow or greenish brown. Odour : aromatic. Taste : aromatic and sweet. Sp = stylopod , v = vitta , cp = carpophore , emb = embryo , ra = raphe , t = testa , e= endosperm , per = pericarp .

36. Microscopical Characters : Epicarp : straight-walled cells, smooth cuticle, occasional anisocytic stomata. Mesocarp : reticulated parenchyma, 6 vittae, 5 collateral vascular bundles. Endocarp : typical parquetry arrangement.

37. M.D.E (main Diagnostic Elements ): Reticulate parenchyma of the mesocarp [B] composed of ovoid or elongated, sub-rectangular cells; the walls are thickened and lignified and have conspicuous oval or rounded pits. Fragments of vittae: numerous brown fragments composed of thin-walled cells, polygonal in surface view. Fragments of a reticulately thickened vessel. Fragments of Endocarp in surface view [K, A], showing typical parquetry arrangement . Sometimes accompanied by the inner layer of the mesocarp [ Aa ]. Fragments of endosperm [F] containing aleurone grains [ Fb ] with micro-rosettes of calcium oxalate [ Fa ]. Fragments of the epicarp with stomata accompanied by oil droplets [C]; very numerous oil droplets [J ]. Numerous fibre bundles [G] from the ridges [ Ga ]

38. Active constituents : Volatile oil: anethole , fenchone and estragol (methyl chavicol ). Flavonoids : kaempferol, quercetin, iso -quercetin and rutin. Uses and action Flavoring agent. Carminative. Mild expectorant.

39. Thank You