Fuel Cell vehicle and hydrogen fuel .pptx

A fuel cell vehicle (FCV) uses a hydrogen fuel cell to generate electricity, which powers an electric motor for propulsion, emitting only water vapor as a byproduct.
Hydrogen in fuel cell vehicles (FCVs) serves as the primary fuel that powers the vehicle. In a fuel cell, hydrogen reacts with oxygen from the air in an electrochemical process, producing electricity, water vapor, and heat. This electricity is then used to power the electric motor that drives the vehicle. The use of hydrogen in fuel cells offers a clean energy alternative, as the only emission from this process is water, making it an environmentally friendly option compared to traditional fossil fuels.
Fuel cells are known for their high efficiency, low emissions, and quiet operation, making them attractive for a wide range of applications, including transportation (such as hydrogen-powered vehicles), stationary power generation, and portable electronics.

1. FUEL CELL VEHICLE Mr. Prajwal S PRAVIN MOIRANGTHEM                         1AY20AU011 DEPARTMENT OF AUTOMOBILE ENGINEERING ACHARYA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY TECHNICAL SEMINAR ON GUIDED BY BY 20-05-2024 1

2. INTRODUCTION Definition of fuel cells. A fuel cell is a device that converts the chemical energy from a fuel, typically hydrogen, into electricity through an electrochemical reaction with an oxidizing agent, typically oxygen or air. This process involves the conversion of fuel and oxidant into water, heat, and electricity, with no combustion occurring. Fuel cells operate based on the principle of electrochemical reactions occurring at electrodes, where fuel is oxidized at the anode and oxidant is reduced at the cathode, while ions transfer through an electrolyte. The electricity generated by fuel cells can be used to power various devices, from small electronics to vehicles, with high efficiency and low emissions. 20-05-2024 2

3. BASIC WORKING PRINCIPLES. A fuel cell is a galvanic cell in which the chemical energy of a fuel is converted directly into electrical energy by means of electrochemical processes. A fuel cell consists of an anode and a cathode, similar to a battery. The fuel supplied to the cell is hydrogen and oxygen. The concept of fuel cell is the opposite of electrolysis of water, where hydrogen and oxygen are combined to form electricity and water. 20-05-2024 3

4. TYPE OF FUELCELL MODE 20-05-2024 4

5. TYPES OF FUEL CELLS Different Types of Fuel Cells include: 20-05-2024 5 03 Phosphoric Acid (PAFC 05 Solid Oxide (SOFC) 04 Alkaline (AFC) 06 Molten Carbonate (MCFC) 01 Direct Methanol (DMFC) 02 Polymer Electrolyte Membrane (PEMFC)

6. operates at relatively low temperatures (typically below 100°C) directly converts methanol fuel into electricity through an electrochemical reaction. Methanol is supplied to the anode, where it undergoes oxidation, releasing protons and electrons. At the cathode, oxygen (typically from air) combines with the protons and electrons to produce water as a byproduct. DMFCs are particularly suitable for portable and small-scale applications due to their high energy density and ease of fuel storage. 20-05-2024 6 Direct Methanol Fuel Cell (DMFC):

7. Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell (PEMFC): uses a polymer electrolyte membrane (PEM) as the electrolyte. Hydrogen is supplied to the anode where it is oxidized, releasing protons and electrons. The protons migrate through the PEM to the cathode, while the electrons flow through an external circuit, generating electricity. At the cathode, oxygen (from air) combines with the protons and electrons to produce water as a byproduct. 20-05-2024 7

8. SOLID OXIDE FUEL CELL (SOFC): operates at high temperatures (typically between 500°C and 1000°C) and uses a solid ceramic electrolyte It can directly convert various fuels, including hydrogen, natural gas, and methane, into electricity through an electrochemical reaction. At the anode, fuel is oxidized, releasing electrons. oxygen ions migrate through the electrolyte to the cathode. At the cathode, oxygen combines with the electrons and any remaining fuel to produce water and/or carbon dioxide. 20-05-2024 8

9. MOLTEN CARBONATE FUEL CELL (MCFC): operates at high temperatures (typically between 600°C and 700°C) and uses a molten carbonate electrolyte, typically a mixture of lithium carbonate and potassium carbonate. Hydrogen and carbon dioxide are supplied to the anode, where hydrogen is oxidized, releasing electrons. carbonate ions migrate through the electrolyte to the cathode. At the cathode, oxygen combines with the electrons and carbonate ions to produce water, carbon dioxide, and heat. 20-05-2024 9

10. PHOSPHORIC ACID FUEL CELL (PAFC): operates at relatively moderate temperatures (typically between 150°C and 220°C) and uses phosphoric acid as the electrolyte, typically immobilized in a porous matrix. Hydrogen is supplied to the anode, where it is oxidized, releasing electrons. protons migrate through the electrolyte to the cathode. At the cathode, oxygen combines with the protons and electrons to produce water. 20-05-2024 10

11. ALKALINE FUEL CELL (AFC): operates at relatively low temperatures (typically below 100°C) and uses an alkaline electrolyte, typically potassium hydroxide (KOH) solution. Hydrogen is supplied to the anode, where it is oxidized, releasing electrons. The electrons flow through an external circuit, generating electricity, while hydroxide ions migrate through the electrolyte to the cathode At the cathode, oxygen combines with the hydroxide ions and electrons to produce water . 20-05-2024 11

12. Cell Name Electrolyte Electrolyte Type Anode Fuel Operating Temperature (oC) Power (kW) Starting Time Suitable for Overall Efficiency (%) Direct Methanol (DMFC) Methanol Liquid Methanol + Deionized Water · Methanol 30 – 130 .025-5 <1m ·   Portable devices 30-40 Polymer Electrolyte Membrane (PEMFC) Polymer Membrane Solid Platinum · Hydrogen 80-100 .12-5 <1m ·   Cars 30-40 Up to 200 ·   Trucks ·   Buses Phosphoric Acid (PAFC) Phosphoric Acid Liquid Platinum · Hydrogen · Methanol 150-200 100-400 n/a ·   Buildings 40-50 ·   Hotels ·   Utilities Alkaline (AFC) Potassium Hydroxide (KOH) Liquid Platinum or Carbon · Hydrogen, ·Ammonia 60-70 0.5-200 <1m ·   Primary Generator, UPS, ·   Backup Power Supply 60-70 Solid Oxide (SOFC) Yttria-Stabilized Zirconia (YSZ) Solid Steel or Nickel Natural Gas, Methanol, Coal, BioGas 500-1000 0.01-2000 60m ·   Power Plants 60 Molten Carbonate (MCFC) Molten Carbonate Solid Ceramic Natural Gas, Methanol, Coal, BioGas 650 Oct-00 10m ·   Utilities 50 20-05-2024 12

13. HISTORICAL BACKGROUND AND DEVELOPMENT. The first fuel cells were invented by Sir William Grove in 1838. The first commercial use of fuel cells came almost a century later following the invention of the hydrogen–oxygen fuel cell by Francis Thomas Bacon in 1932. The alkaline fuel cell, also known as the Bacon fuel cell after its inventor, has been used in NASA space programs since the mid-1960s to generate power for satellites and space capsules. 20-05-2024 13 Sketch of Sir  William Grove 's 1839 fuel cell

14. Cont. The first references to hydrogen fuel cells appeared in 1838. In a letter dated October 1838 but published in the December 1838 edition of The London and Edinburgh Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science, Welsh physicist and barrister Sir William Grove wrote about the development of his first crude fuel cells. He used a combination of sheet iron, copper, and porcelain plates, and a solution of sulphate of copper and dilute acid. Grove later sketched his design, in 1842, in the same journal. The fuel cell he made used similar materials to today's phosphoric acid fuel cell. 20-05-2024 14 Sir William Grove

15. FUEL CELL ELECTRIC VEHICLES (FCEVS) Fuel cell electric vehicles (FCEVs) are similar in operation to BEVs except for the source of energy. Hydrogen fuel and the fuel cell replace the battery. The process of conversion is taken place by taking compressed hydrogen from the vehicle-mounted tank and mixing it with the atmospheric air that produces DC electricity to drive the electric motor and the water is produced as a by-product which is exhausted through the tailpipe. The FCEV is environmentally friendly because no carbon is involved in the fuel and hence no carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, or hydrocarbons are emitted. In addition, there is no combustion is involved in the conversion process, and no high temperatures are involved. A schematic diagram of a FCEV is shown in Fig 20-05-2024 15

16. Differences between traditional Internal Combustion Engine (ICE) vehicles and Battery Electric Vehicles (BEVs): Efficiency : ICE vehicles have a 30% efficiency, while BEVs have an 80% efficiency. Emissions : ICE vehicles emit greenhouse gases, while BEVs have no tailpipe emissions. Charging time : ICE vehicles have a short refilling time of less than 5 minutes, while BEVs have a long charging time of 0.5 to 8 hours. Range : ICE vehicles can travel more than 600 km per fill, while BEVs can travel less than 250 km per charge. Energy density : BEVs have lower energy density batteries, while ICEs have fuels with high energy density. Torque delivery : BEVs deliver maximum torque instantaneously from zero RPM, while ICEs require complex gear systems to handle power and torque across various speeds. Maintenance : EVs may require less frequent ongoing maintenance and may have lower routine maintenance costs than ICE vehicles. Driving experience : EVs offer a green alternative with lower emissions, lower operating costs and a quieter driving experience. Infrastructure : ICE engines offer a long-established infrastructure. 20-05-2024 16

17. COMPONENT OF FUEL CELL VEHICLE 20-05-2024 17 1 Fuel Cell Stack 2 Hydrogen Storage System 3 Hydrogen reformer 4 Power Electronics 5 Electric Motor 6 Energy Storage System

18. CONFIGURATION 20-05-2024 18

19. DIFFERENT TYPES OF FUEL CELL VEHICLES IN THE MARKET. 20-05-2024 19

20. TYPES OF FUELS USED IN FUEL CELLS 20-05-2024 20

21. HYDROGEN PRODUCTION METHODS. 20-05-2024 21

22. Cont. 20-05-2024 22

23. CHALLENGES AND ADVANCEMENTS IN HYDROGEN STORAGE: 20-05-2024 23

24. ADVANCEMENTS: 20-05-2024 24

25. ADVANTAGES OF FUEL CELLS COMPARED TO OTHER ALTERNATIVE FUEL TECHNOLOGIES: 20-05-2024 25

26. DISADVANTAGES OF FUEL CELLS COMPARED TO OTHER ALTERNATIVE FUEL TECHNOLOGIES 01 02 03 04 05 06 Cost More expensive to manufacture and operate Supply Chain Dependencies Supply chain dependencies and potential cost fluctuations . Durability and Lifespan Limited Infrastructure . Hydrogen Storage Challenges Sensitivity to Operating Conditions temperature, humidity, and fuel quality requires careful control . Lack of widespread refueling stations and distribution networks catalyst degradation, membrane degradation, and system degradation over time Transporting hydrogen safely and efficiently poses challenges due to low density 20-05-2024 26

27. ONGOING RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT TO ADDRESS THESE CHALLENGES: 20-05-2024 27

28. GOVERNMENT INITIATIVES AND POLICIES SUPPORTING FUEL CELL VEHICLE ADOPTION. 20-05-2024 28

29. TECHNOLOGICAL ADVANCEMENTS ON THE HORIZON FOR FUEL CELL VEHICLES: 20-05-2024 29 01 Enhancing fuel cell efficiency through advancements in catalyst materials, membrane designs, and system optimization techniques 02 03 Exploring novel hydrogen storage technologies, such as solid-state storage and chemical hydrides, to overcome challenges related to hydrogen storage density and safety. 04 Deployment of hydrogen refueling stations and distribution networks, to support the widespread adoption of fuel cell vehicles. Improved Efficiency Durability Enhancements Innovations in materials science and manufacturing processes aim to improve fuel cell durability and lifespan, reducing maintenance costs and increasing reliability. Hydrogen Storage Innovations Infrastructure Development

30. MARKET TRENDS AND GROWTH PROJECTIONS FOR FUEL CELL VEHICLES: 20-05-2024 30 Increasing Adoption Collaboration and Partnerships Market Expansion Government Support Fuel cell vehicles as a clean and sustainable transportation solution. Automotive manufacturers, energy companies, and government agencies are collaborating to accelerate the development and deployment of fuel cell vehicles significant growth potential for fuel cell vehicles in various sectors, including passenger cars, commercial vehicles, and heavy-duty transportation Many governments around the world are implementing policies, incentives, and funding programs to support the development, deployment, and adoption of fuel cell vehicles and hydrogen infrastructure

31. POTENTIAL IMPACT ON THE AUTOMOTIVE INDUSTRY FOR FUEL CELL VEHICLES: 20-05-2024 31 Fuel cell vehicles have the potential to disrupt the automotive industry by offering a clean and sustainable alternative to conventional internal combustion engine vehicles, leading to a shift in consumer preferences and market dynamics. Disruption and Transformation : Automotive manufacturers are diversifying their product portfolios to include fuel cell vehicles alongside traditional gasoline and electric vehicles, catering to a broader range of customer needs and preferences. Diversification of Product Offerings : The growing demand for fuel cell vehicles and hydrogen infrastructure presents opportunities for suppliers and manufacturers across the automotive supply chain, from component suppliers to infrastructure developers. Supply Chain Opportunities : The widespread adoption of fuel cell vehicles can contribute to economic growth, job creation, and environmental sustainability by reducing dependence on fossil fuels and mitigating air pollution and greenhouse gas emissions. Economic and Environmental Benefits

32. SUCCESSFUL IMPLEMENTATION OF FUEL CELL VEHICLES IN VARIOUS INDUSTRIES. Fuel cell vehicles (FCVs) have been successfully implemented in many industries, including transportation, public transportation, and personal vehicles. As of June 2018, over 6,500 FCVs had been sold to consumers, with California leading the market 20-05-2024 32 Public transportation Hydrogen fuel cell buses are being used in parts of Europe and the US. As of 2020, 5,648 hydrogen fuel cell buses were in use around the world, with 93.7% of them in China. Personal vehicles Nine of the major auto manufacturers are developing hydrogen fuel cell electric vehicles (HFCEVs) for personal use. Some models available include Toyota Mirai, Hyundai Nexo , Honda Clarity, Mercedes-Benz GLC FCEV, Nissan X-Trail FCEV, and Riversimple RASA. Trains Hydrogen fuel cell trains have appeared in Germany, the UK, Japan, and South Korea

33. REAL-WORLD EXAMPLES OF COMPANIES OR REGIONS ADOPTING FUEL CELL TECHNOLOGY. Toyota Motor Corporation: Toyota has been a pioneer in fuel cell technology, developing the Toyota Mirai, a hydrogen fuel cell vehicle (FCV) that emits only water vapor. Hyundai Motor Company: Hyundai has also invested in fuel cell technology, producing the Hyundai Nexo , another hydrogen fuel cell vehicle. Nikola Corporation: Nikola Corporation focuses on hydrogen fuel cell technology for heavy-duty transportation applications, such as trucks and buses. 20-05-2024 33 Prominent companies in this market include Bloom Energy (US), Doosan Fuel Cell Co., Ltd. (South Korea), Aisin Corporation (Japan), Plug Power Inc. (US), and KYOCERA Corporation (Japan).

34. CONCLUSION In conclusion, fuel cell vehicles represent a promising future for sustainable transportation. With continued advancements in technology, infrastructure development, and collaborative efforts, fuel cell vehicles are poised to play a significant role in shaping the next generation of automotive mobility. 20-05-2024 34