Full details about Energy conservation and audit . This is helpful for all diploma and BTech electrical engineering students

Full details about Energy conservation and audit . This is helpful for all diploma and BTech electrical engineering students.

1. Energy Conservation & Audit Unit-1

2. Energy Review of various energy sources 1. Solar Energy 2. Wind Energy 3. Bio Energy 4. Geothermal Energy 5. Ocean Thermal Energy 6. Tidal Energy 7. Magneto Hydro Dynamic (MHD) 8. Hydro Energy 9. Thermal Energy

3. Solar Energy

4. Wind Energy

5. Bio Energy

6. Geothermal Energy

7. Ocean Thermal Energy

8. Tidal Energy

9. Magneto Hydro Dynamic (MHD)

10. Hydro Energy

11. Thermal Energy

12. Definition & Objectives of Energy Management Objectives of Energy The fundamental goal of energy management is to produce goods and provide services with the least cost and least environmental effect. Definition Energy Management The judicious and effective use of energy to maximize profits (minimize costs) and enhance competitive positions. That mean the strategy of adjusting and optimizing energy, using systems and procedures so as to reduce energy requirements per unit of output while holding constant or reducing total costs of producing the output from these systems. Energy Audit The verification, monitoring and analysis of use of energy including submission of technical report containing recommendations for improving energy efficiency with cost benefit analysis and an action plan to reduce energy consumption .

13. I ndian electricity act 2003 An Act to consolidate the laws relating to generation, transmission, distribution, trading and use of electricity and generally for taking measures conducive to development of electricity industry, promoting competition therein, protecting interest of consumers and supply of electricity to all areas . Part XIV of Electricity Act, 2003 (hereinafter, 'the Act') provides for offences which have been or can be committed in electricity sector. There can be various forms of offences, for example theft of electricity, tampering or interference with electric meters, theft of electric lines and materials etc.

14. BEE and its Roles in energy conservation What is the bee for conservation of energy? The mission of the Bureau of Energy Efficiency is to assist in developing policies and strategies with a thrust on self-regulation and market pri nciples, within the overall framework of the Energy Conservation Act, 2001 with the primary objective of reducing energy intensity of the Indian economy. It promote innovative financing of energy efficiency projects. Give financial assistance to institutions for promoting efficient use of energy and its conservation. Prepare educational curriculum on efficient use of energy and its conservation. conservation.

15. Star Labelling More the stars, more energy efficient the appliance is. This is a visual representation of the appliance's efficiency. These stars usually range from one, being the least efficient to five, being the most efficient product in its category. This is the quickest way to understand the appliance's power consumption.

16. Energy Conservation & Audit UNIT-2

17. Various Energy Conservation Review of Electricity Bills, Contract Demand and Power Factor:  For the last one year, in which possibility will be explored for further reduction of contract demand and improvement of power factor Electrical System Network :  Which would include detailed study of all the Transformer operations of various Ratings / Capacities, their operational pattern, Loading, No Load Losses, Power Factor Measurement on the Main Power Distribution Boards and scope for improvement if any. The study would also cover possible improvements in energy metering systems for better control and monitoring. Study of Motors and Pumps Loading :  Study of motors (above 10 kW) in terms of measurement of voltage (V), Current (I), Power (kW) and power factor and thereby suggesting measures for energy saving like reduction in size of motors or installation of energy saving device in the existing motors. Study of Pumps and their flow, thereby suggesting measures for energy saving like reduction in size of Motors and Pumps or installation of energy saving device in the existing motors / optimization of pumps. Study of Air conditioning plant :  w.r.t measurement of Specific Energy consumption i.e kW/TR of refrigeration, study of Refrigerant Compressors, Chilling Units, etc. Further, various measures would be suggested to improve its performance. Cooling Tower:  This would include detailed study of the operational performance of the cooling towers through measurements of temperature differential, air/water flow rate, to enable evaluate specific performance parameters like approach, effectiveness etc. Performance Evaluation of Boilers:  This includes detailed study of boiler efficiency, Thermal insulation survey and flue gas analysis .

18. Various Energy Conservation Performance Evaluation of Turbines:  This includes detailed study of Turbine efficiency, Waste heat recovery. Performance Evaluation of Air Compressor:  This includes detailed study of Air compressor system for finding its performance and specific energy consumption Evaluation of Condenser performance:  This includes detailed study of condenser performance and opportunities for waste heat recovery. Performance Evaluation of Burners / Furnace :  This includes detailed study on performance of Furnace / Burner, thermal insulation survey for finding its efficiency Windows / Split Air Conditioners:  Performance shall be evaluated as regards, their input power vis-a-vis TR capacity and performance will be compared to improve to the best in the category Illumination:  Study of the illumination system, LUX level in various areas, area lighting etc. and suggest measures for improvements and energy conservation opportunity wherever feasible . DG Set:  Study the operations of DG sets to evaluate their average cost of Power Generation, Specific Energy Generation and subsequently identify areas wherein energy savings could be achieved after analysing the operational practices etc. of the DG sets.

19. A utomatic star/ delta converters : The  delta star convertor is interfaced with the conventional star delta starter. When the load on motor is less than 30% of the full load, it switches the motor connection to operate in star mode to save electrical  energy. By implementing this module saving of electrical energy is possible.

20. Energy Conservation: Lighting energy

21. M ethods/Techniques of efficient lighting

22. M ethods/Techniques of energy saving in Furnaces, Ovens and Boilers Incomplete combustion of the fuel Sensible heat of the flue gas

23. Energy conservation techniques in induction motor by improving Power quality In online method, the energy conservation is done by flux optimization in induction motors. In the flux optimization, a controller is used to reduce the flux level of the induction motor by reducing the voltage applied to the motor for every load condition, upto no change in its output power . Motor survey Motor survey is important aspect in energy conservation. Conducting a motor survey is the best way to correctly size a replacement motor. A motor survey should begin by reviewing and cataloguing the nameplate information on the existing motor to obtain the parameters such as rating of motor, rated speed, efficiency, full-load current, etc . Matching motor with loading The characteristics of motors vary widely with their load and the type of duty they are expected to perform. For example, the applications like constant speed, constant torque, variable speed, steep/ sudden start, continuous/ intermittent duty, frequent start/ stops, etc. should be taken into consideration carefully when deciding for the type of a motor for that specific application.

24. Energy conservation techniques in induction motor by Minimizing the idle and redundant running of motor. By minimizing the idle and redundant running of motors, prolonged idle running of machine tools, conveyors, exhaust fan, lights etc. can be avoided. Idle running of auxiliaries like cooling towers, air compressors, pumps etc. during prolonged stoppage of production machines can be avoided . Operating in star mode lower output power In loads operating at less than 30 % of the full load, i.e. at light loads, operation of "Delta' connected motor in "Star' connection can save energy. If a motor is over sized and continuously loaded below 30 % of its rated shaft load , energy can be saved by permanently connecting the motor in Star.In many cases, the load is below 30 % most of the time, but sometimes the load exceeds 50 % in this condition automatic Star-Delta changeover switches can be installed. This can save upto 5 to 15 % of the existing power consumption .

25. Energy conservation techniques in induction motor by Rewinding of motor Rewinding of electric motors when they fail can be a cost-effective option in man ways. While the rewinding process is expected to be extensive and capable of bringing the motor back to a like-new condition, most rewinders do not follow every step or the precision needed to be followed in every step of rewinding.  This has major impact on the efficiency of a rewound motor. Rewinding will decrease the efficiency by 2-5% in most of the motors. New technologies are available which help reduce the losses in a rewound motor, rare cases have shown that a motor's efficiency increased after being rewound. A common problem occurs when heat is applied to strip old windings : the insulation between lamination's can be damaged, thereby increasing eddy current losses.  A change in the air gap may affect power factor and output torque.  Efficiency an be improved by changing the winding design though the power factor could be affected in process.  Using wires of large cross section would reduce stator losses thereby increasing efficiency .

26. Energy conservation techniques in induction motor by Replacement by energy efficient motor An EEM generates the same shaft output power, but uses less input power than a standard efficiency motor.  Energy efficient motors apply less electricity and last longer than standard motors of the same size. Energy-efficient motors are defined as the motor in which design improvements are incorporated specifically to increase efficiency of motors. Design improvements focus on reducing intrinsic motor losses. Improvements include the use of lower-loss silicon steel, a longer core to increase active material), thicker wires (to reduce resistance), thinner laminations, smaller air gap between stator and rotor, copper instead of aluminium bars in the rotor, superior bearings and a smaller fan, etc. Energy-efficient motors now available in India operate with efficiencies that are typically 3 to 4 percentage points higher than standard motors.

27. Energy conservation techniques in induction motor by Periodic Maintenance Machine cleaning :  To ensure that ventilation and motor cooling is proper.  Machine set up and alignment :  To ensure that the belt drives and couplings are set up properly. Bearing lubrication :  Verify that they are lubricated and sealed properly Condition assessment :  Vibration, unusual temperature rise etc. indicate problems.   Performance assessment :  Regularly measure supply voltage variations. Voltage imbalance leads to high losses. Maintenance of electrical connections in the starter and motor terminal box :  The loose connections unsafe and source of heat losses. 

28. Energy conservation techniques in Transformer by Load sharing The problems like overloading, variation in voltage and heating are very common in transformers. It takes a lot of time for its repairing and maintenance and also involves high cost Load sharing protects the transformer under overload condition. Due to overload the efficiency drops and the secondary winding gets overheated or it may burn because of excess heat. So the transformer can be protected by reducing the extra load.  This can be done by operating another transformer in parallel with the main transformer.  When the loads on transformer are constant the total active power loss and reactive power consumption of transformer will be changed with the variation of load distribution between the transformers.  Therefore , the transformer total active power loss and reactive power consumption can be reduced to minimum values according to economic dispatch of loads between transformers, so as to achieve transformer energy conservation.

29. Energy conservation techniques in Transformer by Parallel operation The transformer is said to be in parallel operation when their primary windings are connected to a common voltage supply and the secondary windings are connected to a common load. The connection diagram of the parallel operation of a transformer is shown in Figure.  The transformer capacity is a most important parameter when selecting transformer. If the transformer capacity is selected over large then the investment of transformer is increased as well as the transformer no-load loss. Mostly power transformer gives maximum efficiency at full load. If one runs number of transformers in parallel one can switch on only those transformers which will gives total demand by running nearer to its full-load rating for that time .  When load increases, one can switch on one by one other transformer connected in parallel to fulfill the total demand in this way, one can run the system with maximum efficiency.

30. Energy conservation techniques in Transformer by Isolating techniques Isolation is defined as cutting of electrical supply to the system in order to ensure the safety of thou working on the equipment by making dead those parts which are live in normal service. An isolator is a mechanical device which is operated manually and used to open or close a circuit off load. An isolator switch must be provided close to supply point, so that the transformer can be made sale maintenance. Devices which are suitable for isolation are isolation switches, fuse links circuit-breakers. On three phase LT supplies the triple pole switch with neutral link are provided at the time of isolation to switch should break only the live conductors and the solid link in the neutral should not be removed before opening the switch. When transformers are operating in parallel to share a particular load, it is necessary to remove and soul some transformers when load demand is less, so that other transformers will supply energy at maximum efficiency. At the time of removing the transformer from circuit first the secondary side load is removed by tripping circuit breaker by opening the load switches (CTP) having high rupturing capacity fuses. So that transformer will remain connected to bus, without sharing any load. Now the isolator switch on the primary side is opened as they operate on no load only, so that transformer removed from bus-bar completely. The isolator in this condition is locked and earthed so that no one else than the operator can use it. When it is required to reconnect the transformer again in parallel, earthing of isolator switch is removed first. Then the isolator is closed so that transformer is connected to primary side, then either the circuit breaker of load switch is closed so that the transformer will start sharing load in proportion to its kVA capacity.

31. Energy conservation techniques in Transformer by Replacement by energy efficient transformers . Energy efficient transformers are therefore an important means to reduce transmission and distribution loss.  With the improvement of silicon steel properties, the losses of a transformer can be reduced.  With new magnetic materials, it is possible to achieve even higher efficiency.  The amorphous metal transformer is a modern example of energy efficient transformer.  An energy-efficient transformer is very appealing giving its non-stop operation and 25 years service life.  These savings translate into reductions in peak loading, lower electricity bills and greater reliable of supply. Payback periods vary with the equipment and electricity costs and can be as short as one year or as long as six years or more. A transformer can be made more energy efficient by improving the materials of construction (e.g. better-quality core steel or winding material) and by modifying the geometric configuration of the core and winding assemblies. Making a transformer more energy efficient (i.e. reducing electrical losses) is then a trade off between more expensive, lower-loss materials and designs, and the value a customer attaches to those losses .  For a given efficiency level the no-load and load losses are generally inversely related reducing one usually increases the other. By using energy efficient transformer efficiency improves from 95% to 97% by using amorphous transformers efficiency improves from 97 % to 98.5 %. By using epoxy resin cast / encapsulated dry type transformer efficiency improves from 93 % to 97%.

32. Energy conservation techniques in Transformer by Periodic Maintenance :   Periodic maintenance is a vital part of loss control activities. Periodic maintenance of transformer monitors the deterioration and detects or predicts insulation equipment and system flows. Periodic maintenance reduces the frequency of losses. Being transformers, static machines without any moving and turning parts, they are very reliable machines and if maintained properly, can last for 40 years or more. Transformers are frequently overloaded and allowed to operate well beyond its capacity. Other causes of deterioration may be load changes circuit changes, improperly selected protective devices and changing voltage condition. Scheduling of a regular periodic maintenance program may minimize the risk of equipment failure and the resulting problems of that failure, the detection of latent faults and the first step for troubleshooting which will achieves the energy efficiency.

33. Energy Conservation Equipment i ) Soft starter Soft starters are solid-state devices used to limit the amount of current that can inrush into a motor. The device then slowly lets in increasing amounts of current, softly ramping up the speed of the drive, allowing for a gradual start. ii ) Automatic star delta converter. Automatic star delta starter is a very basic type of starter to reduce the starting current of motor. By this starter the motors starts with Star connection and then after some time it switches over to delta connection. It is an equipment to save energy during variable load conditions in three phase induction motor. About 25-30 % of energy gets saved by incorporating delta star conversion module. This is carried out by using ATMEGA 328 Microcontroller. The three phase winding inside the motor can be connected in star or delta .

34. iii) Variable Frequency Drives With a VFD, the output of the system (air supply in this case) is controlled by directly changing the speed or torque of the motor. At low demand the motor runs slowly and the power consumption decreases in proportion to the demand resulting in increased efficiency and energy savings iv) Automatic p. f. controller (APFC) The Automatic Control System effectively switches the capacitors on or off whenever you require. The APFC Panels continuously monitors the load and takes action based on the microprocessor relays. These panels also have a User-Friendly Interface. It helps you bring down electricity consumption and reduce your bills.

35. v) Intelligent p. f. controller (IPFC) The interline power flow controller (IPFC & UPFC) is one of the latest generation flexible AC transmission systems (FACTS) controller used to control power flows of multiple transmission lines.

36. Amorphous Core Transformers In distribution transformer design, main stress is to reduce core losses. To reduce core losses in distribution transformer cold-rolled grain oriented (CRGO) steel is preferred by manufacturers. Amorphous material has very less core losses compared to CRGO steel, therefore it is being seen as a good substitute of CRGO steel. Now-a-days some manufacturers are using amorphous material in miniature and medium size transformers in place of CRGO steel. The cost of amorphous core transformer is higher than the cost of CRGO core transformer. Here an effort is being made to reduce the cost of amorphous core distribution transformer by using a 'CRGO-Amorphous' core in place of amorphous core. A comparison is being presented here among 'CRGO core distribution transformer (CCDT)', 'amorphous core distribution transformer (AMDT)' and 'Amorphous-CRGO core distribution transformer (AMCCDT)', in terms of cost and efficiency.

37. Epoxy Resin cast transformer / Dry type of transformer. Cast resin dry type transformers are used in high moisture areas. It is because its primary and secondary windings are encapsulated with epoxy resin (non hygroscopic). The encapsulation prevents moisture from penetrating the winding. Available power 25 KVA to 12,500 KVA.

38. Energy Conservation & Audit UNIT-3

39. Aggregated Technical and commercial losses (AT&C) The concept of Aggregate Technical & Commercial losses provides a realistic picture of loss situation in the context it is measured. It is combination of energy loss (Technical loss + Theft + inefficiency in billing)& commercial loss (Default in payment + inefficiency in collection). Power system at state R egional N ational and global level

40. Causes of Technical losses and measures to reduce it. i ) Controlling I2R losses ii ) Optimizing distribution voltage iii ) Balancing phase currents iv ) Compensating reactive power flow v ) Demand side management

41. Causes of Commercial losses and measures to reduce it i ) In meter reading ii) In metering iii ) Theft of electricity by any means

42. Energy conservation equipment Maximum Demand Controller An MD controller enables the user to program the threshold values of maximum demand and initiate actions i.e. alarm or cut off load when maximum demand / forecast demand / present demand crosses the threshold values . The purpose of a Demand Controller is to automatically manage the entrance and exit of loads on the electrical network, in order to prevent consumption exceeding the contracted demand, thus avoiding the payment of fines for excess demand. The operation of a Power Demand Controller is very easy KVAR Controller The KVAR controller is  an electromagnetic power factor optimization device that decreases the amount of non-productive current in your existing electrical system. It helps to significantly reduce electric demand and energy generated by the utility companies .

43. Energy conservation equipment Automatic Power Factor controller (APFC ) APFC Panel with stage based pre- programmable micro-controller of varied make which triggers the capacitor banks of suitable capacity automatically in multiple stages by directly sensing the reactive load which works in the principle of VAR( Volt Ampere Reactive ) sensing tends to maintain the PF to 0.99 Lag. Active harmonic filter Active harmonic filters, also called harmonic correction units, are parallel devices that act like a noise cancellation system and inject equal and opposite frequencies to mitigate harmonics. The filters can also provide additional current to correct the power factor.

44. Energy Conservation in Lighting System Replacing Lamp sources. Using energy efficient luminaries . Using light controlled gears: By  automatically turning lights off when they're not needed, by reducing light levels when full brightness isn't necessary, or otherwise controlling the lighting in and around your home. Installation of separate transformer / servo stabilizer for lighting: The luminous efficiency of lamps depends upon the voltage applied across its terminals.  It gives its best output at rated voltage Small reduction in applied voltage greatly reduces its luminous output. When it is necessary that the voltage applied across them is properly maintained constant. This can be achieved by installing a transformer sub - station near the load so that variation in voltage will be negligible. Periodic survey and adequate maintenance programs.

45. Energy Conservation techniques Fans R educing the fan speed is a much more efficient method to decrease airflow since less power is required and less energy is consumed. The fans operate under a predictable set of laws concerning speed, power and pressure. Consider where you place the fan. Whether it is a ceiling fan, a floor fan, or a desk fan, where you place it makes a lot of difference in its efficiency . i )Clean the blades, ii)Reduce fan speed, iii)Switch off the fan, iv)Choose the right fan size . Electronic regulators Capacitors regulate the fan speed by regulating the waveform of power supply. These do not get heated up and thus save electricity when the fan is running at lower speeds (at higher speeds electricity consumption of fan is the same with both regulators ). The regulator has spools of wire with different amounts of resistance. When you set the knob at a particular position, you include a certain resistance in series with the fan. A series connection implies the resistance is in line with the fan.

46. Techniques of Energy Saving Ventilating systems and Air Conditioners Techniques of Energy Saving in Furnace: Change or clean furnace filters once a month during heating season. Set the thermostat to 68 degrees (58 degrees when you are away). Use programmable thermostats & smart thermostats to increase energy efficiency. Replace old equipment with an energy efficient Ovens and Boiler: The various opportunities for energy efficiency in the boiler system can be linked to controlling the temperature of the chimney, preheating feed water using an economizer, combustion air preheater, minimizing imperfect combustion, controlling excess air, avoiding radiation heat loss and convection, automatic blowdown

47. Energy Conservation & Audit UNIT-4

48. Energy conservation through Cogeneration and Tariff Cogeneration is a technique for producing heat and electricity in one process that can save considerable amounts of energy. Cogeneration is often associated with the combustion of fossil fuels but can also be carried out using some renewable energy sources and by burning wastes.

49. Co-generation Cogeneration is a technique for producing heat and electricity in one process that can save considerable amounts of energy. Cogeneration is often associated with the combustion of fossil fuels but can also be carried out using some renewable energy sources and by burning wastes For a sugar mill needing thermal energy at about 120°C, a topping cycle cogeneration system can meet the heat demand. On the other hand, for a cement plant requiring thermal energy at about 1450°C, a bottoming cycle cogeneration system can meet both high quality thermal energy and electricity demands of the plant.

50. Types of cogeneration basis of technology Steam turbine cogeneration: The steam turbine cogeneration system can offer a large range of heat-to-power ratios. Cogeneration uses a single process to generate both electricity and usable heat or cooling . Gas turbine cogeneration: A cogeneration system drives a gas turbine by using primary energy (fuel), and produces multiple types of secondary energy (e.g., electricity, steam) continuously. In a gas turbine cogeneration system, fuel is used as the primary energy, and multiple types of energy are produced in order to use energy more effectively . Reciprocating engine cogeneration: Reciprocating engines can be used in three different types of industrial cogeneration applications: To produce hot water at around 195° F, To produce low temperature steam at around 265° F

51. Factors governing the selection of cogeneration system Heat-to-power ratio is one of the most vital technical parameters influencing the selection of cogeneration system. If the heat-to-power ratio of industry can be matched with the characteristics of the cogeneration system being considered, the system optimisation would be achieved in real sense. Advantages of cogeneration By recovering much of that waste energy, cogeneration systems remove the need to burn additional fuel for heating purposes. This saves energy and reduces emissions of carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) and other pollutants.

52. Tariff Type of Tariff Two Part Tariff C = Ax + By A=Change per Kw of maximum demand. B=Change per Kwh of energy consumed. Three Part Tariff C = Ax + By + D A=Change per Kw of maximum demand. B=Change per Kwh of energy consumed. D= Fixed charge during each bill period.

53. Time-off-day tariff What is TOD tariff structure? A tariff structure known as a time of day (TOD) tariff applies variable charges depending on what time of day electricity is used. It implies that the price of consuming 1 unit of power will vary according to the time of day—morning, noon, evening, or night. TOD tariff, during the peak period of the day, for Commercial and Industrial consumers shall not be less than 1.20 times the normal tariff and for other consumers it shall not be less than 1.10 times the normal tariff. Peak-off-day tariff Off-Peak Tariff means the tariff payable to the Buyer for energy supplied during the Off-Peak Hours .

54. Different Tariff Power factor tariff The tariff in which power factor of the consumer's load is taken into consideration is known as power factor tariff. In an a.c. system, power factor plays an important role. A low* power factor increases the rating of station equipment and line losses. Therefore, a consumer having low power factor must be penalized. Maximum Demand tariff Maximum Demand Tariff consists of two parts, i.e. demand charge and energy charge. The demand charge is based on the maximum demand in kVA, while the energy charge depends on the energy consumption in Unit (kWh) of the month. Tariff charges are subject to a minimum of 100 kVA of the chargeable demand.

55. Application of tariff system to reduce energy bill The Time-off-day tariff tariffs comprising separate tariffs for peak hours, Solar hours and normal hours, send price signals to consumers to manage their load according to the Tariff. With awareness and effective utilization of TOD tariff mechanism, consumers can reduce their electricity bills.

56. Improving Load Factor C ompany could increase efficiency by improving load factor. Increasing your load factor will reduce the average unit cost (demand and energy) of the kWh. Depending on your situation, improving your load factor could mean substantial savings. The load factor corresponds to the ratio between your actual energy consumption (kWh) and the maximum power recorded (demand) for that period of time. Load Factor = By analysing your load profile and your needs, you may be able to improve your load factor by doing the following: A. Demand Reduction Reduce demand by distributing your loads over different times or by installing load management systems. B. Increase Production Keeping the demand stable and increasing your consumption is often a cost-effective way to increase production while maximizing the use of your power. In both cases, the load factor will improve and therefore reduce your average unit cost per kWh.  

57. Improving Power Factors Most electrically-powered machinery and equipment requires two kinds of power real , usually expressed in kilowatts (kW) and reactive, usually expressed in kilovolt amperes reactive ( kVAR ). The real power is the work- producing power. Reactive power supplies the magnetizing field required by motors, generators, transformers, and other inductive equipment. The power being supplied is called the apparent power and is usually expressed in kilovolt amperes (kVA). The apparent power must be sufficient to supply both the total real and reactive power components of the consumer's electrical load. Power factor (PF) is the ratio of actual power converted to work in a circuit to the apparent power being drawn from the line. It is an important measurement to utilities , because it affects the amount of utility generating capacity required to provide service to a given load. Power factor is also important to consumers, because it can restrict capacity and affect voltage regulation and service cost.

58. Energy Conservation & Audit UNIT-5

59. Energy audit (definition as per Energy Conservation Act , 2001) The Energy Conservation Act, 2001 defines Energy Audit as "the verification, monitoring and analysis of use of energy including submission of technical report containing recommendations for improving energy efficiency with cost benefit analysis and an action plan to reduce energy consumption"

60. ABC analysis and its application ABC analysis related to energy audit: ABC analysis provides a mechanism for identifying different categories of activities/stocks/items that will require different management and controls. i ) “A class inventory” contains items that account for 70% of total value. ii) “B class inventory” contains items that account for 20% of total value. iii) “C class inventory” contains items that account for 10% of total value. ABC Analysis classifies inventory items into three categories based on their value and importance to the business: A (high-value items), B (medium-value items), and C (low-value items). The A items — typically the most expensive and most important — should be managed with extra care and attention. The B items are also important for the business’s success, but not as much as A. The C items are not as important for the business’s success. ABC analysis helps identify and reduce the number of products customers don't like or those with a low-profit margin. After the method is implemented, entrepreneurs obtain a smoother supply chain, reduce costs on additional stock, and allocate resources efficiently.

61. Advantages of ABC Analysis It allows businesses to focus attention on the most important items. By focusing on A items, businesses can ensure that they are properly managed and stocked. This helps to ensure that the business has the items it needs when it needs them. It helps businesses save money. By focusing on the A items, businesses can save money by not wasting resources on managing and stocking unimportant items. ABC analysis provides businesses with greater control over their inventory. By focusing on the A items, businesses can better manage their inventory levels and avoid stock outs. It helps businesses make better decisions. By understanding which items are more important, businesses can make better decisions about which items to stock and how to manage them.

62. Energy flow diagram (Sankey diagram) A Sankey diagram is a graphic illustration of flows - like energy, material or money - where they can be combined, split and traced through a series of events or stages. The width of each stream represents the amount of material or energy in the flow.

63. Calculation of simple payback period for energy conservation The payback period is calculated by dividing the total investment costs by the amount of yearly savings. These yearly savings are calculated by multiplying the energy price by the amount of kWh one can save on a yearly basis.

64. Energy Audit procedure This section gives detailed instructions on how to carry out the 10 steps of the audit process: Conduct a condition survey. Establish the audit command . Establish the audit scope. Analyze energy consumption and costs. Compare energy performance. Profile energy use patterns. Inventory energy use. Identify energy management opportunities Assess the benefits Report for action