Functional anatomy of the respiratory system.pptx

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1. RESPIRATORY PHYSIOLOGY (Functional anatomy of the respiratory system) BY Dr. Abu Bakarr Kanu

2. Functions of the Respiratory System Air Distributor Gas exchanger Filters, warms, and humidifies air Influences speech Allows for sense of smell

3. Divisions of the Respiratory System Upper respiratory tract (outside thorax) Nose Nasal Cavity Sinuses Pharynx Larynx

4. Divisions of the Respiratory System Lower respiratory tract (within thorax) Trachea Bronchial Tree Lungs

5. 5 Respiratory System Divisions Upper Airway Nose, pharynx, larynx and associated structures Lower Airway trachea, bronchi, lungs

6. The Respiratory Tract Consists of a conducting portion : from nasal cavity to terminal bronchioles Consists of a respiratory portion : the respiratory bronchioles and alveoli Alveoli Are air-filled pockets within the lungs where all gas exchange takes place

7. 7 Conducting Zone All the structures air passes through before reaching the respiratory zone. Cartilage holds tube system open and smooth muscle controls tube diameter Warms and humidifies inspired air. Filters and cleans: Insert fig. 16.5

8. 8 Respiratory Zone Region of gas exchange between air and blood. Includes respiratory bronchioles and alveolar sacs.

9. Conducting zone vs. respiratory zone

10. Figure 23–11 Alveolar Organization Respiratory bronchioles are connected to alveoli along alveolar ducts Alveolar ducts end at alveolar sacs: common chambers connected to many individual alveoli

11. 11 Alveolar structure 1 fig 13-3b

12. 12 Alveolar structure 2 fig 13-4a

13. 13 Alveolar structure 3 fig 13-4b

14. Structures of the Lower Respiratory Tract

15. 15 Alveolar structure (notes) Type I epithelial cells thin, flat; gas exchange Type II epithelial cells secrete pulmonary surfactant  pulmonary compliance (later) Pulmonary capillaries completely surround each alveolus; “sheet” of blood Interstitial space diffusion distance for O 2 & CO 2 is less than diameter of red blood cell Elastic fibers secreted by fibroblasts into pulmonary interstitial space tend to collapse lung

16. Pleural Cavities and Pleural Membranes 2 pleural cavities : are separated by the mediastinum Each pleural cavity: holds a lung is lined with a serous membrane (the pleura ) Pleura consist of 2 layers: parietal pleura visceral pleura Pleural fluid : lubricates space between 2 layers

17. 17 Section III MUSCLES OF RESPIRATION Inspiratory muscle: Diaphragm and Abdominal breathing （腹式呼吸） external intercostal muscle and thoracic breathing （胸式呼吸） accessory muscle of inspiration Expiratory muscle relax during normal breathing Internal intercostal muscle Muscles of the abdominal wall

18. 18 Thoracic Walls and Muscles of Respiration

19. 19 Thoracic Volume