Functional English-Paragraph Writing.pptx

dpt

1. Muhammad Saddam M.Phil. English Functional English CREDIT 3 (3-0) Lecture On Paragraph Writing

2. Outline Topic: Paragraph writing Course: Functional English – I Email : [email protected] Introduction Principles of Paragraph Paragraph organization Examples Types of Paragraph General Tips Loose and Periodic Sentences

3. Introduction Topic: Paragraph writing Course: Functional English – I Email: [email protected] A paragraph is a number of sentences grouped together and relating to one topic; or, a group of related sentences that develop a single point. Sentences of a paragraph explain the writer's main idea (most important idea) about a topic. A group of sentences discussing one topic of distinct features of a topic if the topic is complex. A paragraph makes the reading easier and comprehensible. In academic writing, a paragraph is often between five and ten sentences long, but it can be longer or shorter, depending on the topic . The first sentence of a paragraph is usually indented (moved in) a few spaces.

4. Principles of Paragraph Topic: Paragraph writing Course: Functional English – I Email: [email protected] UNITY:- The first and most important principle to be observed in constructing a paragraph is that of Unity. Just as each sentence deals with one thought, each paragraph must deal with one topic or idea- and with no more than one. And every sentence in the paragraph must be closely connected with the main topic of the paragraph. The paragraph and every part of it must be the expression of one theme or topic. When the sentences of a paragraph are held together because of their intimate relation to the central idea, their oneness purpose gives unity to the paragraph

5. Principles of Paragraph ORDER:- The second principle of paragraph construction is Order - that is, logical sequence of thought or development of the subject. Events must be related in the order of their occurrence, and all ideas should be connected with the leading idea and arranged according to their importance or order. The sentences that make up a paragraph must follow one another in a natural and logical order. VARIETY:- A third principle of paragraph construction is Variety; by which is meant that, to avoid monotony, the paragraph of composition should be of different lengths, and not always of the same sentence construction. Topic : Paragraph writing Course: Functional English – I Email: [email protected]

6. Paragraph Organization Topic: Paragraph writing Course: Functional English – I Email: [email protected] A p aragraph has t hree b asic parts: The topic sentence . Th is is t h e m a i n idea of the paragrap h. It i s u s u a ll y the first se n te n ce of th e paragraph , and it i s th e mo st genera l sentence of th e pa r agrap h. It gives the writer's main idea or opinion about the topic and helps the reader understand what the paragraph is going to talk about. It acts like a Thesis Statement. It needs to talk about the manner. 2. The supporting sentences. T h ese are s en t ences tha t ta l k a b out or ex pl ai n th e topic se n te n ce. Th ey are more deta il ed i d eas th at fo ll ow th e topic sen t e n ce. They contain facts, examples and details.

7. Paragraph Organization Topic: Paragraph writing Course: Functional English – I Email: [email protected] 3. The concludin g sentence. Thi s may b e fo u nd as th e l as t s e nt e n ce of a paragra ph. It ca n fi n is h a pa rag r ap h b y re p ea tin g th e m a in id ea or ju s t giving a fin a l c omm ent a bout th e topic. It sums up the main points or restates the main idea in a different way. A sentence that sums up the paragraph reminds the reader of what the writer's main idea an supporting points were. A sentence that restates the main idea should give the same information in a slightly different way, perhaps by using different words or by using different word order. A concluding sentence should not introduce a new point.

8. Examples Topic: Paragraph writing Course: Functional English – I Email: [email protected] Switzerland - Something interesting at Every Turn By Ken]ones If you dream of travelling to a country with beautiful mountains, delicious food, wonderful places to go sightseeing and polite people, you should visit Switzerland . Switzerland has many mountains, including some of the highest in Europe. Climbing or skiing clown the mountains is great fun. Another thing you will notice is that Switzerland shares its borders with five different countries: France, Germany, Italy, Austria and Liechtenstein. In fact, there are four official languages in Switzerland: German, French, Italian and Roman sch. All these group s of people make Swiss culture very interesting. Finally, Switzerland has many cities and interesting places t o visit. Cities such as Bern have modern buildings like the Paul Klee Zentrum , yet the tradition al alpine refuges in the mountains show that the country's old traditions are still alive. All the people, places and things to see definitely make Switzerland a great place for a holiday.

9. " Poetry is the language of the imagination and the passions . It relates to whatever gives immediate pleasure or pain to the human mind. It comes home to the bosoms and businesses of men; for nothing but what comes home to them in the most general and intelligible shape can be a subject for poetry. Poetry is the universal language which the heart holds with nature and itself. He who has a contempt for poetry cannot have much respect for himself, or for anything else. Wherever there is a sense of beauty, or power, or harmony, as in the motion of a wave of the sea, in the growth of a flower, there is poetry in its birth. " - William Hazjitt . Topic: Paragraph writing Course: Functional English – I Email: [email protected]

10. Types of Paragraph Description: When we give an account of appearance of things, we produce description. It represents persons, things, scenes, feelings, characters etc, as they appear to our senses or minds. When words are employed to represent what the eye sees, the ear hears and so on, we are said to describe. In a descriptive paragraph the chief aim is to give a picture of the scenes or an object described. A writer should penetrate beneath the exterior and see things with their mind’s eye. For instance, while writing on a postman you say that the postman wears khaki clothes and turban and brings letters and money-orders. You must try to understand his feelings, his attitude to things; you must get inside the letter bag so that to speak and see the contents of the messages he carries with him. Narrative: When we give an account of a sequence of events or happenings we produce a narrative. When there is only a single set of events, the narrative is said to be simple. When there are various events and happenings simultaneously or at different times and these events are linked together, we get a compound narrative. Bear it in mind that Narrative and description often go together; in fact it is very difficult to have pure narrative or pure description. When we write a narrative paragraph we make use of description, vice versa. Topic: Paragraph writing Course: Functional English – I Email: [email protected]

11. Types of Paragraph Argumentative: When we establish the truth or falsify a statement or idea, or give reasons for doing a certain thing, what we produce is argument. It is often necessary to establish some truth, to reason that something should be done, to induce others to believe or act as we do. We should begin an argument with an exact and clear statement of our aim, so that those whom we wish to influence may not be in any uncertainty about meaning. Next, we should put forward our arguments, with the grounds for holding them and then consider and refute the arguments of our opponents. Finally, we close by enforcing our view. If, however, instead of advocating one side, we are acting in the capacity of an impartial judge. We should set forth one view with all that can be said for and against it; and then the other side with similar fullness. If we can, we should end by indicating which is the better view. Expository: Exposition simply means explanation. Its function is to make clear the meaning of a statement or idea or proposition. Exposition is to elucidate the statement in different words in a simpler and clearer form. The essence of exposition is simplicity and clearness. In exposition, we simply unfold the meaning of something; in argument we go a step further and try to show it is right or wrong. “ Absence makes the heart grow fonder” is an old saying. When we explain the meaning of it and show how absence makes a person or thing more desirable we give an exposition of the proverb. But when we discuss whether absence really makes the heart grow fonder, whether it is not also true that a thing or person out of sight is often out of mind, we have an argument on the subject. Topic: Paragraph writing Course: Functional English – I Email: [email protected]

12. General Tips Topic: Paragraph Writing Course: Functional English – I Email: [email protected] Short Sentences: It is better to use short sentences than long ones. A long sentence lays itself open to errors of syntax which a short sentence escapes. For the same reason, the introduction of parentheses should be avoided, which, with a young writer, often lead to obscurity. Form a clear idea in your own mind of what you have to say, and compose a sentence in your head before attempting to commit it to paper. Clearness of thought generally ensures clearness of expression Connectives: Do not join your sentences by the monotonous use of and and so , but employ appropriate connectives. Notice how the italicised connectives help forward the argument in the following passage:- It is not easy to cultivate a sense of judging others; still , judge we must, because the purposes of life require it. We have, however , more and better materials, sometimes , than we are aware of; nor must we imagine that they are always deep-seated and recondite; indeed they often lie upon the surface. For the primary character of a man is specially discernible in trifles, since he acts then, as it were almost unconsciously. Echo words: Another method of joining sentences together to repeat in the next Sentence a word or an idea contained in the preceding. Take the following passage:- “Wellington's army was at that time inferior in numbers to the army of the enemy. At that time , for the Prussian forces had not yet arrived upon the field of Waterloo. Their delay was due to the length of their march northwards from Ligny on the 17 th .”

13. Loose and Periodic Sentences Topic: Paragraph Writing Course: Functional English – I Email: [email protected] Loose and Periodic Sentences: Sentences, as regards their structure, are of two kinds, the loose sentence and the periodic sentence. In the loose sentence the main thought is placed first, and subordinate details come afterwards. In the periodic sentence, the qualifications precede the main statement, which is reserved to the last. By this means the reader’s attention is roused and held in suspense till the leading idea is stated. The loose structure is used in conversation and has the advantage of simplicity, but is sometimes wanting in clearness. The periodic structure is more literary and generally more forcible, but should not be used in excess, so as to make the style monotonous or pedantic. In the following example, the student will observe that the periodic order is more effective than the loose order.   Loose: He was full of grand schemes, but he never succeeded in carrying them out, Periodic: Though he was full of grand schemes, he never succeeded in carrying them out.

14. Questions/Answers THANK YOU Topic: Paragraph writing Course: Functional English – I Email: [email protected]