fundamentalofentomologydr-210609065744.pdf

Fundamental of entamology

1. Mangalayatan University,
Jabalpur
Department of Agriculture
Dr. Sunil Prajapati
Assistant Professor (Horticulture)

2. B.Sc.(Hon.)Agriculture
1
st
Year Semester II
FUNDAMENTALS OF ENTOMOLOGY 4(3+1)
Introduction
Branches of Entomology
History of Entomology
Contribution of Scientists
Institutes /Organization n
Classification of Phylum Arthropoda
Characteristics of Arthropoda
Insect Orders
Classification of Insects
Economic Importance of Insects
Metamorphosis In Insects
Types of Larvae
Mouth Parts of an Insects
Modification of Mouth Parts of an Insects
Damaging Stages of Insects
Modification of Insects Legs
Structure and Function of Antennae
Modifications of Insect Antennae.
Dr. Sunil Prajapati
Assistant Professor (Horticulture)

3. Entomology-Greekword(Entomon=Insect;
Logos=Study)Itisthebranchofzoologyor
biologicalsciencethatdealswiththestudyof
insects.
INTRODUCTION
Insect:-Theinsectsarethetracheate
arthropodsinwhichthebodyisdividedin
tohead,thoraxandabdomenpossessing
•2pairsofwings.
•3pairsofworkinglegs.
•1pairofantennae.
•Segmentedbody.
•Havingcompleteandincomplete
metamorphosis.

4. •InsectisGreekword=Cutinpiecesor
segmented.
•InsectsbelongtothePhylumArthropoda
(Artho=jointed,Poda=Legs)whichisthe
biggestphylumofkingdomAnimalia.More
thanthreequartersoftheanimalsonearth
arearthropods,andmostoftheseare
insects.
•KingdomAnimaliaisclassifiedintotwelve
phyla.
INTRODUCTION

5. Apestisasmalldestructiveorganism(causeseconomicloss)that
usuallyattackcrops,animalsandfood.Commonexamplesofpests
includeinsect,weeds,cockroaches,mites,ticks,mosquitoes,
bedbugs,lice,nematodes,plants,birds,thrips,fungi,bacteria,
virus,rodentsandtermitesareincluded.
Losses
Weeds (33%)
Diseases (26%)
Insects (20%)
Rodents (6-8%)
Birds (1-2%)
Others (1-3%)

6. •Studyanduseofinsectsincrime
investigationsisknownasForensic
Entomology.
•Studyofinsectsrelatedtolivestock
andveterinaryanimalsisknownas
VeterinaryEntomology.
•StudyofinsectsinrelationtoHuman
beingsisknownasMedical
Entomology.
Branches of Entomology

7. •Mahabharta:(1424-1366BC)Mentionsaboutsilk,
honeyandlac.
•Thefamousstoryof‘Lakshgruha’i.e.Houseoflac
buildbyKauravastoburntheircousinslive,
Pandavas.
•AmarkoshaSanskritdictionaryprovidereferences
likePatangaandBhramarofflies,moths,beetles
andglowworms.
•Sushruta:Surgeon(100-200AD):Classifiedants
(Pipilika),mosquitoesandflies.
•Umaswati:Physician(0-100AD):Classifiedthe
bees.
History of Entomology

8. •Aristotle(384-322B.C.)–Fatherofbiologicalclassification.
Firstpersongroupedinsectsinwingedandwinglessgroups.
HegavethetermslikeColeopteraandDiptera.
•CarolusLinnaeus(1758)–FatherofTaxonomy.
•SnodgrassR.E.(1875)–referredasaFatherofInsect
Morphology.Hewrotebook-PrinciplesofInsectMorphology.
•MithanLalRunwal(1908)–Outstandingworkontermites/
whiteants.Contributionstoecology,embryologyandlocust.
•Dr.S.Pradhan(1969)-Wrotea"InsectPestsofCrops"and
FatherofModernAppliedEntomologyinIndia.
Contribution of Scientists

9. o1912–PlantQuarantineAct.
o1914–DestructiveInsectsandPestsAct(DIPA).
o1916–ImperialForestResearchInstituteatDehradun.
o1925–IndianLacResearchInstitutestartedatRanchi.
o1937–AlaboratoryforstoragepestswasstartedatHapur,U.P.
o1937-EstablishmentofEntomologydivisionatIARINewDelhi.
o1939–LocustWarningOrganizationestablished.
o1946–‘DirectorateofPlantProtection,Quarantine&Storage.
o1968–‘CentralInsecticideAct’.
Institutes/Organizations

10. •NCIPM,NewDelhi-(NationalCentrefor
IntegratedPestManagement-1988).
•PDBC,Bangalore-(ProjectDirectorateof
BiologicalControl-1993).
•NBAIR-NationalBureauofAgriculturalInsect
Resources.
•CIB,Faridabad–CentralInsecticideBoard.
•NPPTI,Hyderabad–NationalPlantProtection
TrainingInstitute.
Entomological Institutes

12. Classification of Phylum Arthropoda

14. Arthropoda characteristics:

15. ThemostdiverseinsectOrdersunderclassInsecta
•Coleoptera:beetles,weevils
•Hymenoptera:ants,wasp,bees
•Lepidoptera:butterflies,moths
•Diptera:flies
•Hemiptera:bugs,aphid,leafhopper
•Orthoptera:locust,cricket,,grasshoppers.
•Isoptera:termites
•Thysanoptera:thrips

16. Insect orders
Coleoptera-beetles, weevils
•Thisreferstohowtheirfirstpairofwings
havehardenedintoanelytra(hardened
forewings),thatcoversthesecondpairof
wings(andusuallytheentireabdomen)as
aprotectivecase.
Hymenoptera-ants,wasps,bees,Sawflies
•Someofthemembersofthisorderare
hugelyimportantaspollinators,
predatorsorpests.
•Thefrontandhindwingsarelocked
togetherbyatinyrowofhooks(maleand
queenantshavewings).

17. Insect orders
Lepidoptera–butterflies,moths,
silkworm.
•Mothsareusuallyactiveduringthe
night.
•Clublikeantennae,compoundeye,
completemetamorphosis.
•Presenceofpowderonitsbody,these
arethetinyscalesthatgivethegroup
itsname.
Diptera –flies
•Inflies,theirsecondpairofwingsare
reducedcalledhalters,whichactasa
balanceandguidingsystem.
•SeriouspestofHorticultural-fruit
crops.

18. Insect orders
•Hemiptera –cicadasand
true bugs
•Hemipterameanshalf-
wing.
•Thisisbecausethefirst
pairofwingsishardened
atthebasewhilepartof
thewingisthinand
membranous.
•havepiercingmouthparts
usedtosuckupfluids,
usuallyfromplants.

19. Insect orders
•Orthoptera- crickets,
locust,grasshoppers.
•have a generally
cylindricalbody,with
elongatedhindlegsand
musculatureadaptedfor
jumping.
•Theyhavemandibulate
mouthpartsforbitingand
chewingandlarge
compoundeyes.

20. Classification of insects
Onthebasisofhostassociation:
Monophagousinsects:Theseinsectsdependsonlyone
speciesofplantsforwholelife-cycle.Eg.,Bombyxmori
onMorusalba.
Oligophagousinsects:Confinedonlyonefamilyforthe
wholelife-cycleEg.,Potatotubermoth:dependsonthe
solanaceouscropDiamondbackmoth(Platella
xylostella,Platellidae)feedsoncrucifercropsCabbage
butterfly(Pierisbrassicae)feedsoncrucifercrops.
Polyphagousinsects:Manyagriculturalpestsfallon
polyphagouspests.Thoseinsect-pestsvisitthediverse
plantspeciestocompletethelifecycle.Eg.,Helicoverpa
armigera,NoctuidaeIfonchickpea:chickpeaborerIf
ontomato:tomatofruitborer.

21. Classification of insects:
On the basis of plant part damage:
a)Leafdamaginginsects:Caterpillar,bug,thrips,
aphids
b)Stemdamaginginsects:Ricestemborer,mango
stemborer,Orangestemborer.
c)Fruitdamaginginsects:Citrusfruitfly.
d)Rootdamaginginsects:Redants,Whitegrub
e)Flowerdamaginginsects:Thrips

22. •L
Locust Termite
White Grub
Pests of National Importance

23. Entomologymaybedividedinto2majoraspects-
1.FundamentalEntomology/GeneralEntomology:
•ItdealswiththebasicoracademicaspectsoftheScienceof
Entomology.
•Itincludesmorphology,anatomy,physiologyandtaxonomyof
theinsects.
2.AppliedEntomology/EconomicEntomology:
•ItdealswiththeusefulnessoftheScienceofEntomologyfor
thebenefitofmankind.
•Appliedentomologycoversthestudyofinsectswhichare
eitherbeneficialorharmfultohumanbeings.
•beneficialinsectslikepredators,parasitoids,pollinatorsor
productiveinsectslikehoneybees,silkwormandlacinsect.
•studiesthemethodsinwhichharmfulinsectsorpestscanbe
managedwithoutcausingsignificantdamageorlosstous.
Economic Importance of Insects

24. Economic Importance of Insects
1.InsectsofNoeconomicimportance:-
insectsfoundinforests,andagriculturallandswhichneithercause
harmnorbenefitus.
2.Insectsofeconomicimportance:-
A.Injuriousinsects-
(i).Pestsofcultivatedplants-Eachcultivatedplantdamagebymany
insectpestswhichfeedonthemreducestheyieldofthecrop.E.g.
cottonbollworm,Ricestembores.
(ii).Storagepests-Insectsfeedonstoredproductsandcauseeconomic
loss.E.g.Riceweevil,Pulsebeetle.
(iii).Pestattackingcattleanddomesticanimals-Cattleareaffectedby
pestslikeHorsefly,FleasandLice.Theysuckbloodandsometimes
eattheflash.
(iv).Householdanddiseasecarryinginsects-Householdpestsinclude
cockroach,ants,etc.Diseasecarryinginsectsarelike
mosquitoes,houseflies,bedbugs,fleasetc.

25. Economic Importance of Insects
B.Beneficialinsects-
(i)Productiveinsects:
Silkworm-Thesilkwormfilamentsecretedfromthesalivary
glandofthelarvahelpsusinproducingsilk.
Honeybee-Providesuswithhoneyandmanyother
byproductslikebeeswaxandroyaljelly.
Lacinsects-Thesecretionfromthebodyofthesescaleinsects
iscalledlac.
Insectsusefulasdrugs,food,ornaments-
Asmedicine-Stingofhoneybees-remedyforrheumatism
andarthritis.Extractedfromblisterbeetle–usefulashair
tonic.
Asfood-foranimalsandhumanbeing.Foranimals-aquatic
insectsusedasfishfood.
Grasshoppers,termites,pupaeofmoths.Theyhavebeenused
asfoodbyhumanbeingsindifferentpartsoftheworld.
Ornaments,entertainers-
-Artistsanddesignerscopycolourofbutterflies.
-Beetleswormasnecklace.
-Insectcollectionisahobby.
Scientificresearch
Drosophilaandmosquitoesareusefulingeneticand
toxicological.

26. Economic Importance of Insects
B.Beneficialinsects-
(ii)Helpfulinsects:
(a)Parasites:smallinsectswhichfeedandliveonharmful
insectsbycompletingtheirlifecycleinahostandkillthe
hostinsect.e.g.egg,larvalandpupalparasitoids.
(b)Predators:Thesearelargeinsectswhichcaptureanddevour
harmfulinsect.e.g.CoccinellidsfamilyandPreyingMantid.
(c)Pollinators:Manycrosspollinatedplantsdependoninsects
forpollinationandfruitset.e.g.Honeybees.
(d)Weedkillers:Insectswhichfeedonweedskillthemthereby
killers.E.g.MexicanbeetleeatsonParthenium.Cochineal
insectfeedsinOpuntiadillenii.
(e)Soilbuilders:soilinsectssuchasants,beetles,larvalof
cutworms,crickets,termite,collombola,maketunnelsinsoil
andfacilitateaerationinsoil.Theybecomegoodmanure
afterdeathandenrichsoil.
(f)Scavengers:Insectswhichfeedondeadanddecayingmatter
arecalledscavengers.Theyimportantformaintaining
hygieneinthesurroundings.E.g.Carrionbeetles,Rove
beetlesfeedondeadanimalsandplants.

27. House hold and disease carrying insects
i)Pestswhichcausedamageto
belongingsofhumanbeinglike
furniture,wool,paper,etc.
e.g.Cockroaches,beetle,sliver
fishetc.
ii)Pestswhichcausepainfulbite,
injectvenoms.e.g.Wasps,bees
stingus.Hairycaterpillarnettling
hairsarepoisonous.Mosquitoes,
bugsbite,pieceandsuckblood.
iii)DiseasecausingMosquito-
Malaria,Filariasis,denguefever.
Housefly-Typhoid,Cholera,
Leprosy,Anthrax.

28. Metamorphosis
Metamorphosisisabiologicalprocessbywhichan
animal/insectphysicallydevelopsafterbirthor
hatching,involvingaconspicuousandrelatively
abruptchangeinthebodystructurethroughcell
growthanddifferentiation.
“Radicalchangesinmorphologyduringdevelopment
ofinsect”.
Bothcompleteandincompletemetamorphosisextend
fromtheeggstagetotheadultstage.
Completemetamorphosisconsistsoffourstages:egg,
larva,pupa,andadult.However,theincomplete
metamorphosisconsistsofthreestages:egg,nymph,
andadult.

29. Metamorphosis
Themaindifferencebetweencomplete
metamorphosisandincompletemetamorphosisis
thatcompletemetamorphosisconsistsofavery
active,speedyeatinglarvaandaninactivepupai.e.
Completemetamorphosisoccursinwasps,ants,
butterflies,bees,beetles,moths.
Whereas,incompletemetamorphosisconsistsofa
nymph,whichresemblesaminiatureadult.while
incompletemetamorphosisoccursintermites,
prayingmantis,andcockroaches.

30. Metamorphosis

31. Complete Metamorphosis

32. Incomplete Metamorphosis

33. TYPES OF
LARVAE
Nymph
Hemiptera
bugs, hopper,
whiteflies,
aphids, jassids.
Caterpillar
Lepidoptera
Moth,
bollworms, borer
Grub
Hymenoptera
Coleoptera
Beetles, weevils
Maggot
Diptera
All flies (white
flies, MSF)

34. Mouth Parts of an Insects
•Maxilla:itcutsthefoodmaterialsi.e.
cuttingoffood.
•Mandible:itcrushesthefoodmaterial
i.e.crushingoffood.
•Labium:itactslikelowerlip.
•Labrum:itactslikeupperlip.Labium
andlabrumsavesthefoodmaterial
fromtocomeoutfrommouth.
•Hypopharynax:itworksliketongue.

35. Continue…..

36. Modifications of Mouth Parts of an Insects
•Piercingandsuckingtypes(piercingthetissuesof
animalsandplantstosuckbloodandplantjuice):
Mosquito,aphids,bugs,leafhopper,jassid,thrips.
•Spongingtype(suckingupliquid):Housefly
•Siphoningtype(mouthpartsareadapted
wonderfullyforsuckingflowernectarandfruit
juice,):Butterflyandmoths
•Chewingandlappingtype(modifiedforcollecting
thenectarandpollenfromflowersandalsofor
mouldingthewax,):Honeybees,wasp.
•Chewing/biting/cuttingtypes(mandiblesarepaired
andbeartoothededges):grasshopper,larvae(all),
locust,cricket,beetles,weevils.

37. Continue…..

38. Damaging Stages of Insects
•Coleoptera:larvae(grub)+
adultmothstage.
•Lepidoptera:onlylarvae
(caterpillar),adultoffruit
suckingmoth.
•Hemiptera:Nymph+adultboth
stages.
•Diptera:GenerallyNymph.

39. Modification of Insects Legs
•Walkingtype:Cockroachandbugs
•Runningtype:Ants
•Jumpingtype:Grasshopper,crickets
•Soundproducing:hindlegsof
grasshopper/cricket
•Diggingtype:molecricket
•Swimmingtype:dytiscusbeetleand
waterbug
•Pollencollecting:honeybees
•Climbingandsticking:housefly
•Raptorial/Grasping:Mantis
•Claspingtype:Pyrilla

40. Continue….
Walking type Running type
Jumping type
Sound producing Digging type Swimming type

41. Continue….
Pollen collecting
Climbing and sticking
Raptorial/Grasping: Clasping type

42. Structure and Modifications of Insect Antennae
Antennaesometimesreferredtoas"feelers",are
pairedappendagesusedforsensingin
arthropods.Antennaeareconnectedtothefirstone
ortwosegmentsofthearthropodhead.
Functions of Antennae:
•Antennaeservedifferentsensoryfunctionsfor
differentinsects.
•Itdetectodoursandtastes,windspeedand
direction,heatandmoisture,andeventouch.
•Afewinsectshaveauditoryorgansontheir
antennae,sothey'reinvolvedinhearing.
•Mosquitoesdetectsoundswiththeirantennae,
•andmanyfliesusetheirstogaugeairspeed
whiletheyareinflight.

43. Structure of Antennae:

44. Structure of Antennae:
Scape-thefirstbasalsegment,itisthepointof
articulationtotheheadcapsule,andisoften
conspicuouslylongerthanothersegments.
Pedicel-thisisthesecondsegmentthatfollows
scape,andithasaspecializedsensoryorgan(known
asJohnson’sorgan)withwhichinsectscouldhear
sounds.
Flagellum-alsoknownastheClavola,itisfurther
dividedintothreeparts.
•Ringjoints:thisisthebasalsegmentofthe
flagellumwhicharesmallandring-likeform.
•Club:thisistheswollenorenlargeddistal
segmentsoftheantenna.
•Funicle:thesegmentsbetweenringjointsand
club.

45. Types of Insect Antennae
Aristate:
Itispouch-like,witha
lateralbristlecalled
aristaonitsdorsalside.
Aristateantennaeare
mostnotablyfoundin
theDiptera(trueflies).
e.g.Housefly.

46. Types of Insect Antennae:
Capitate:
haveaprominentclubor
knobattheirends.
lastthreesegmentsare
suddenlyenlarged.
Thetermcapitate
derivesfromtheLatin
caput,meaninghead.
Butterflies(Lepidoptera)
oftenhavecapitateform
antennae.

47. Types of Insect Antennae:
Clavate:
Terminateinagradual
cluborknob(unlikethe
capitateantennae,which
endwithanabrupt,
pronouncedknob).
Thisantennaeformis
foundmostoftenin
beetles,butterfliessuch
asincarrionbeetles.

48. Types of Insect Antennae:
Filiform:
ComesfromtheLatin
filum,meaningthread.
Filiformantennaeare
slenderandthread-likein
form.
Examplesofinsectswith
filiformantennaeinclude:
Grasshopper,Groundand
longhornedbeetles.

49. Types of Insect Antennae:
Flabellate–
•fromtheLatinflabellum,
meaningfan.
•Inflabellateantennae,the
terminalsegmentsextend
laterally,withlong,parallel
lobesthatlieflatagainstone
another.
•Thisfeaturelookslikea
foldingpaperfan.
•Found inColeoptera,
Hymenoptera,Lepidoptera.

50. Types of Insect Antennae:
Lamellate
•ComesfromtheLatin
lamella,meaningathinplate
orscale.
•Inlamellateantennae,the
segmentsatthetipare
flattenedandnested,so
theylooklikeafoldingfan.
•Toseeanexampleof
lamellateantennae,lookata
scarabbeetle.

51. Types of Insect Antennae:
Geniculate:
•Geniculatearebentor
hingedsharply,almostlike
akneeorelbowjoint.
•Thetermgeniculatederives
fromtheLatingenu,
meaningknee.
•Geniculateantennaeare
foundmainlyinantsor
bees.

52. Types of Insect Antennae:
Moniliform
•comesfromtheLatinmonile,
meaningnecklace.
•Moniliformantennaelook
likestringsofbeads.
•Thesegmentsareusually
spherical,anduniforminsize.
•Thetermitesareagood
exampleofinsectswith
moniliformantennae.

53. Types of Insect Antennae:
Pectinate
•Segments of pectinate
antennaearelongeronone
side,givingeachantennaea
comb-likeshape.
•Bi-pectinateantennaelooklike
two-sidedcombs.
•Thetermpectinatederives
fromtheLatinpectin,meaning
comb.
•Pectinateantennaearefound
mainlyinsomebeetlesand
sawflies.

54. Types of Insect Antennae:
Plumose
•Brush like with dense hairs.
•Segments of plumose
antennaehavefinebranches,
givingthemafeathery
appearance.
•Thetermplumosederivesfrom
theLatinpluma,meaning
feather.
•Insectswithplumoseantennae
includesomeofthetrueflies,
suchasmosquitoes,and
moths.

55. Types of Insect Antennae:
Serrate
•Segmentsofserrate
antennaearenotchedor
angledononeside,
makingtheantennaelook
likeasawblade.
•Thetermserratederives
fromtheLatinserra,
meaningsaw.
•Serrateantennaeare
foundinsomebeetles.

56. Types of Insect Antennae:
Setaceous
•ComesfromtheLatin
seta,meaningbristle.
•Setaceousantennae
arebristle-shapedand
taperedfromthebase
tothetip.
•Cockroach,dragonflies
anddamselflies

57. Types of Insect Antennae:
Stylate
•comesfromtheLatinstylus,
meaningpointedinstrument.
•Instylateantennae,thefinal
segmentterminatesinalong,
slenderpoint,calledastyle.
•Thestylemaybehairlikebut
willextendfromtheendand
neverfromtheside.
•robberflies,snipeflies,andbee
flies.

58. Types of Insect Antennae: