Fundamentals of Electromagnetic Compatibility (Slides for the EMC Boot Camp of the IEEE EMC Society German Chapter)

After a brief definition of the term electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) and the EMC interference model, typical sources of interference are presented and discussed. The time and frequency domain as well as figures and levels in the logarithmic decibel scale are introduced to describe interference signals. Finally, the significance of differential mode and common mode signals on lines for EMC is shown.

1. Fundamentals of Electromagnetic Compatibility
Dr.-Ing. Mathias Magdowski
Chair for Electromagnetic Compatibility
Institute for Medical Engineering
Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Information Technology
Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg
11. September 2024
Magdowski (Chair for EMC) Fundamentals of EMC 11. September 2024

2. Definition and Aspects of EMC
Definition
According to the Council Directive No. 2014/30/EGElectromagnetic Compatibility
(EMC)means:
the ability of equipment to function satisfactorily in its electromagnetic environ-
ment without introducing intolerable electromagnetic disturbances to other equip-
ment in that environment.
Magdowski (Chair for EMC) Fundamentals of EMC 11. September 2024

3. Definition and Aspects of EMC
Aspects of EMC
Immunity (Susceptibility): means the ability of equipment to perform as intended without degradation in the
presence of an electromagnetic disturbance.
Emission (Disturbance): means any electromagnetic phenomenon which may degrade the performance
of equipment. An electromagnetic disturbance may be electromagnetic noise, an
unwanted signal or a change in the propagation medium itself.
Magdowski (Chair for EMC) Fundamentals of EMC 11. September 2024

4. Definition and Aspects of EMC
EMC Coupling Model
SourceCoupling mechanismVictim
Figure:
Example:
Magdowski (Chair for EMC) Fundamentals of EMC 11. September 2024

5. Definition and Aspects of EMC
Verification of EMC by Measurements
Radiated measurements: Conducted measurements:
Magdowski (Chair for EMC) Fundamentals of EMC 11. September 2024

6. Definition and Aspects of EMC
Internal and External EMC
Internal EMC:
compatibility within an equipment or system
External EMC:
compatibility at the interfaces with the environment
ModuleInternal EMCModuleSystem
Conducted
immunity
Conducted
emission
Radiated
immunity
Radiated
emission
Magdowski (Chair for EMC) Fundamentals of EMC 11. September 2024

7. Definition and Aspects of EMC
Working with EMC
DevelopmentTestingProductionCostsPossibilities for improvementPhases
Magdowski (Chair for EMC) Fundamentals of EMC 11. September 2024

8. Sources of Disturbances
Intermediate Overview
1
Definition and Aspects of EMC
2
Sources of Disturbances
3
Frequency Domain and Time Domain
4
Calculation in Decibels
5
Common Mode and Differential Mode
Magdowski (Chair for EMC) Fundamentals of EMC 11. September 2024

9. Sources of Disturbances
Lightning Discharges
Figure:
Magdowski (Chair for EMC) Fundamentals of EMC 11. September 2024

10. Sources of Disturbances
Electrostatic Discharge
Magdowski (Chair for EMC) Fundamentals of EMC 11. September 2024

11. Sources of Disturbances
Mobile Phone Radiation
Typical problem:
1
cell phone near a radio receiver or
active speaker
2
incoming call or message
3
characteristic peeping or clicking
noiseFigure:
Magdowski (Chair for EMC) Fundamentals of EMC 11. September 2024

12. Sources of Disturbances
Other Sources of Disturbances
Classification:
natural↔man-made
narrow band↔broad band
periodic↔non-periodic
self generated↔generated by other systems
Magdowski (Chair for EMC) Fundamentals of EMC 11. September 2024

13. Frequency Domain and Time Domain
Intermediate Overview
1
Definition and Aspects of EMC
2
Sources of Disturbances
3
Frequency Domain and Time Domain
4
Calculation in Decibels
5
Common Mode and Differential Mode
Magdowski (Chair for EMC) Fundamentals of EMC 11. September 2024

14. Frequency Domain and Time Domain
Frequency Domain and Time Domain
Time domain:
easy to understand for dynamic processes
Frequency domain:
looking at the spectrum and resonant behavior
measurement is much more exact
Types of disturbance signals:
harmonic (sinusoidal)
periodic, but not harmonic
aperiodic, impulsive
Magdowski (Chair for EMC) Fundamentals of EMC 11. September 2024

15. Frequency Domain and Time Domain
Frequency Domain and Time Domain
Time domain:
easy to understand for dynamic processes
Frequency domain:
looking at the spectrum and resonant behavior
measurement is much more exact
Types of disturbance signals:
harmonic (sinusoidal)
periodic, but not harmonic
aperiodic, impulsive
Magdowski (Chair for EMC) Fundamentals of EMC 11. September 2024

16. Frequency Domain and Time Domain
Frequency Domain and Time Domain
Time domain:
easy to understand for dynamic processes
Frequency domain:
looking at the spectrum and resonant behavior
measurement is much more exact
Types of disturbance signals:
harmonic (sinusoidal)
periodic, but not harmonic
aperiodic, impulsive
Magdowski (Chair for EMC) Fundamentals of EMC 11. September 2024

17. Frequency Domain and Time Domain
Sinusoidal Disturbances
Time function:
T=
2π
/ω02T−A0A0Time,tAmplitude,a(t) =A0·cos(ω0t)
Magdowski (Chair for EMC) Fundamentals of EMC 11. September 2024

18. Frequency Domain and Time Domain
Sinusoidal Disturbances
Spectrum:
ω0A0Frequency,ω=2πfSpectrum,|A(ω)|
Magdowski (Chair for EMC) Fundamentals of EMC 11. September 2024

19. Frequency Domain and Time Domain
Sinusoidal Disturbances
Spectrum:
ω0A0Frequency,ω=2πfSpectrum,|A(ω)|
Magdowski (Chair for EMC) Fundamentals of EMC 11. September 2024

20. Frequency Domain and Time Domain
Periodic Non-Sinusoidal Disturbances
Time function:
T−A0A0
T/2Time,tAmplitude,a(t)
Magdowski (Chair for EMC) Fundamentals of EMC 11. September 2024

21. Frequency Domain and Time Domain
Periodic Non-Sinusoidal Disturbances
Spectrum:
ω0A0Frequenz,ω=2πfSpektrum,|A(ω)|
Magdowski (Chair for EMC) Fundamentals of EMC 11. September 2024

22. Frequency Domain and Time Domain
Periodic Non-Sinusoidal Disturbances
Spectrum:
ω03ω05ω0A0Frequenz,ω=2πfSpektrum,|A(ω)|
Magdowski (Chair for EMC) Fundamentals of EMC 11. September 2024

23. Frequency Domain and Time Domain
Aperiodic, Impulsive Disturbances
Time function:
A0τTime,tAmplitude,a(t)
Magdowski (Chair for EMC) Fundamentals of EMC 11. September 2024

24. Frequency Domain and Time Domain
Aperiodic, Impulsive Disturbances
Spectrum:
2π
τ
4π
τ
6π
τ
A0·τFrequency,ω=2πfSpectrum,|A(ω)|
Magdowski (Chair for EMC) Fundamentals of EMC 11. September 2024

25. Frequency Domain and Time Domain
Aperiodic, Impulsive Disturbances
Spectrum:
2π
τ
4π
τ
6π
τ
A0·τFrequency,ω=2πfSpectrum,|A(ω)|
Magdowski (Chair for EMC) Fundamentals of EMC 11. September 2024

26. Frequency Domain and Time Domain
Aperiodic, Impulsive Disturbances
Spectrum in double-logaritmic scaling:
10
−1
10
0
10
1
10
−2
10
−1
10
0
Frequency,
ωτ/2πSpectrum,
|A(ω)|/A0τ
Magdowski (Chair for EMC) Fundamentals of EMC 11. September 2024

27. Frequency Domain and Time Domain
Aperiodic, Impulsive Disturbances
Spectrum in double-logaritmic scaling:
10
−1
10
0
10
1
10
−2
10
−1
10
0
Frequency,
ωτ/2πSpectrum,
|A(ω)|/A0τ
Magdowski (Chair for EMC) Fundamentals of EMC 11. September 2024

28. Frequency Domain and Time Domain
EMC Table
Purpose:
simple envelope determination (worst case) of the spectral density of standard pulses
graphical transform from time to frequency domain
Characteristics of a trapezoidal pulse:
ˆuτtrTimeAmplitude
Magdowski (Chair for EMC) Fundamentals of EMC 11. September 2024

29. Frequency Domain and Time Domain
EMC Table
Amplitude spectrum (envelope):
1
πτ
1
πtr
2ˆuτconstant−20dB per decade−40dB per decadeFrequency (log.)Spectral density in dB
Magdowski (Chair for EMC) Fundamentals of EMC 11. September 2024

30. Frequency Domain and Time Domain
EMC Table
Outcome for triangular and rectangular pulses:
1
πτ
1
πtr
2ˆuτFrequency (log.)Spectral density in dB
Magdowski (Chair for EMC) Fundamentals of EMC 11. September 2024

31. Frequency Domain and Time Domain
Relevant Frequencies of Impulsive Noise
Assumption: coupling to devices is proportional to the frequencyf
1
πτ
1
πtr
2ˆuτ∼
1/f∼
1/f
2
∼f∼
1/f∼fFrequency (log.)Spectral density in dBSourceCouplingSink
Magdowski (Chair for EMC) Fundamentals of EMC 11. September 2024

32. Frequency Domain and Time Domain
Conflict Between Power Electronics and EMC
Switch openSwitching processSwitch closedTimeAmplitudeEnergy loss in the switchCurrent through the switchVoltage across the switchPower loss in the switch
Magdowski (Chair for EMC) Fundamentals of EMC 11. September 2024

33. Calculation in Decibels
Intermediate Overview
1
Definition and Aspects of EMC
2
Sources of Disturbances
3
Frequency Domain and Time Domain
4
Calculation in Decibels
5
Common Mode and Differential Mode
Magdowski (Chair for EMC) Fundamentals of EMC 11. September 2024

34. Calculation in Decibels
Motivation
Measurement result of a spectrum analyzer: A
T R G
R B W   1 0   M H z
V B W   1 0   M H z
S W T   5 0   μ sA t t   2 0   d BR e f − 1 0   d B m
C e n t e r   8 0 0   M H z 5   μ s /
*1 P K
V I E W
*2 P K
A V G
P R N
− 7 0
− 6 5
− 6 0
− 5 5
− 5 0
− 4 5
− 4 0
− 3 5
− 3 0
− 2 5
− 2 0
− 1 5
− 1 0
S W P     4 1 4 4   o f   1 0 0 0 0
1
M a r k e r   1   [ T 1   ]
                    − 2 4 . 6 8   d B m
              5 1 . 0 2 5 0 0 0   μ s  
2
D e l t a   2   [ T 1   ]
                    − 2 3 . 2 9   d B  
                5 . 6 0 0 0 0 0   μ s  
3
M a r k e r   3   [ T 1   ]
                    − 5 6 . 1 7   d B m
              8 0 . 5 2 5 0 0 0   μ s   A
T R G
R B W   1 0   M H z
V B W   1 0   M H z
S W T   5 0   μ sA t t   2 0   d BR e f − 1 0   d B m
C e n t e r   8 0 0   M H z 5   μ s /
*1 P K
V I E W
*2 P K
A V G
P R N
− 7 0
− 6 5
− 6 0
− 5 5
− 5 0
− 4 5
− 4 0
− 3 5
− 3 0
− 2 5
− 2 0
− 1 5
− 1 0
S W P     4 1 4 4   o f   1 0 0 0 0
1
M a r k e r   1   [ T 1   ]
                    − 2 4 . 6 8   d B m
              5 1 . 0 2 5 0 0 0   μ s  
2
D e l t a   2   [ T 1   ]
                    − 2 3 . 2 9   d B  
                5 . 6 0 0 0 0 0   μ s  
3
M a r k e r   3   [ T 1   ]
                    − 5 6 . 1 7   d B m
              8 0 . 5 2 5 0 0 0   μ s  
Magdowski (Chair for EMC) Fundamentals of EMC 11. September 2024

35. Calculation in Decibels
Reminder of the Logarithmic Identities
Preconditions:x,y,b,r>0andb̸=1
Product:
log
b(x·y) = log
bx+ log
by (1)
Quotient:
log
b
ȷ
x
y
ff
= log
bx−log
by (2)
Power:
log
b(x
r
) =rlog
bx (3)
Source: Pepe Tárraga,https://twitter.com/PepeTarraga/status/1420383107249852417
Magdowski (Chair for EMC) Fundamentals of EMC 11. September 2024

36. Calculation in Decibels
Reminder of the Logarithmic Identities
Preconditions:x,y,b,r>0andb̸=1
Product:
log
b(x·y) = log
bx+ log
by (1)
Quotient:
log
b
ȷ
x
y
ff
= log
bx−log
by (2)
Power:
log
b(x
r
) =rlog
bx (3)
Source: Pepe Tárraga,https://twitter.com/PepeTarraga/status/1420383107249852417
Magdowski (Chair for EMC) Fundamentals of EMC 11. September 2024

37. Calculation in Decibels
Reminder of the Logarithmic Identities
Preconditions:x,y,b,r>0andb̸=1
Product:
log
b(x·y) = log
bx+ log
by (1)
Quotient:
log
b
ȷ
x
y
ff
= log
bx−log
by (2)
Power:
log
b(x
r
) =rlog
bx (3)
Source: Pepe Tárraga,https://twitter.com/PepeTarraga/status/1420383107249852417
Magdowski (Chair for EMC) Fundamentals of EMC 11. September 2024

38. Calculation in Decibels
Reminder of the Logarithmic Identities
Preconditions:x,y,b,r>0andb̸=1
Product:
log
b(x·y) = log
bx+ log
by (1)
Quotient:
log
b
ȷ
x
y
ff
= log
bx−log
by (2)
Power:
log
b(x
r
) =rlog
bx (3)
Source: Pepe Tárraga,https://twitter.com/PepeTarraga/status/1420383107249852417
Magdowski (Chair for EMC) Fundamentals of EMC 11. September 2024

39. Calculation in Decibels
Reminder of the Logarithmic Identities
Preconditions:x,y,b,r>0andb̸=1
Product:
log
b(x·y) = log
bx+ log
by (1)
Quotient:
log
b
ȷ
x
y
ff
= log
bx−log
by (2)
Power:
log
b(x
r
) =rlog
bx (3)
Source: Pepe Tárraga,https://twitter.com/PepeTarraga/status/1420383107249852417
Magdowski (Chair for EMC) Fundamentals of EMC 11. September 2024

40. Calculation in Decibels
Reminder of the Logarithmic Identities
Preconditions:x,y,b,r>0andb̸=1
Product:
log
b(x·y) = log
bx+ log
by (1)
Quotient:
log
b
ȷ
x
y
ff
= log
bx−log
by (2)
Power:
log
b(x
r
) =rlog
bx (3)
Source: Pepe Tárraga,https://twitter.com/PepeTarraga/status/1420383107249852417
Magdowski (Chair for EMC) Fundamentals of EMC 11. September 2024

41. Calculation in Decibels
Reminder of the Logarithmic Identities
Preconditions:x,y,b,r>0andb̸=1
Product:
log
b(x·y) = log
bx+ log
by (1)
Quotient:
log
b
ȷ
x
y
ff
= log
bx−log
by (2)
Power:
log
b(x
r
) =rlog
bx (3)
Source: Pepe Tárraga,https://twitter.com/PepeTarraga/status/1420383107249852417
Magdowski (Chair for EMC) Fundamentals of EMC 11. September 2024

42. Calculation in Decibels
Definition of Gain Figures
Definition for power quantities:
P1:
P2:
GP=10·lg
ȷ
P2
P1
ff
dB (4)
Definition for root power quantities (like a voltage):
U1:
U2:
GU=10·lg
ȷ
P2
P1
ff
dB=10·lg
ȷ
U
2
2/R
U
2
1/R
ff
dB=20·lg
ȷ
U2
U1
ff
dB (5)
Magdowski (Chair for EMC) Fundamentals of EMC 11. September 2024

43. Calculation in Decibels
Definition of Gain Figures
Definition for power quantities:
P1:
P2:
GP=10·lg
ȷ
P2
P1
ff
dB (4)
Definition for root power quantities (like a voltage):
U1:
U2:
GU=10·lg
ȷ
P2
P1
ff
dB=10·lg
ȷ
U
2
2/R
U
2
1/R
ff
dB=20·lg
ȷ
U2
U1
ff
dB (5)
Magdowski (Chair for EMC) Fundamentals of EMC 11. September 2024

44. Calculation in Decibels
Not to be Confused With:
Figure:
source:https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=661430
Magdowski (Chair for EMC) Fundamentals of EMC 11. September 2024

45. Calculation in Decibels
Origin of the Unit Namebel
Alexander Graham Bell (1847–1922)
speech therapist, engineer and
inventor
made the telephone commercially
successful
after his death all telephones in the
US were silenced for one minute
Figure:
source:
https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=1559
Magdowski (Chair for EMC) Fundamentals of EMC 11. September 2024

46. Calculation in Decibels
Some Numbers to Bear in Mind
Table:
Figure Power ratio Voltage ratio
in dB approx. exact approx. exact
0 1 1 1 1
3 2 1 .995 1 .4 1 .412
6 4 3 .98 2 1 .995
10 10 10 3 3 .162
20 100 100 10 10
40 10 000 10 000 100 100
60 1 000 000 1 000 000 1000 1000
Magdowski (Chair for EMC) Fundamentals of EMC 11. September 2024

47. Calculation in Decibels
Some Numbers to Bear in Mind
Table:
Figure Power ratio Voltage ratio
in dB approx. exact approx. exact
0 1 1 1 1
−3 0.5 0 .501 0 .7 0 .708
−6 0.25 0 .25 0 .5 0 .501
−10 0.1 0 .1 0 .3 0 .316
−20 0.01 0 .01 0 .1 0 .1
−40 0.0001 0.0001 0.01 0 .01
−60 0.000 001 0.000 001 0.001 0.001
Magdowski (Chair for EMC) Fundamentals of EMC 11. September 2024

48. Calculation in Decibels
Definition of Levels
Definition for power quantities:
P:
P0:
LP(reP0)=L
P/P0
=10·lg
ȷ
P
P0
ff
dB (6)
Definition for root power quantities:
U:
U0:
LU(reU0)=L
U/U0
=20·lg
ȷ
U
U0
ff
dB (7)
Magdowski (Chair for EMC) Fundamentals of EMC 11. September 2024

49. Calculation in Decibels
Definition of Levels
Definition for power quantities:
P:
P0:
LP(reP0)=L
P/P0
=10·lg
ȷ
P
P0
ff
dB (6)
Definition for root power quantities:
U:
U0:
LU(reU0)=L
U/U0
=20·lg
ȷ
U
U0
ff
dB (7)
Magdowski (Chair for EMC) Fundamentals of EMC 11. September 2024

50. Calculation in Decibels
Not to be Confused With:
Figure: Elbein Magdeburg
source:https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=57396653
Magdowski (Chair for EMC) Fundamentals of EMC 11. September 2024

51. Calculation in Decibels
Summary of Calculation Rules
Sum or difference of two figures is again a figure:
20dB+30dB=
50dB (8)
Sum of figure and level gives a level:
0dB(mW) +50dB=
50dB(mW) (9)
Difference of two levels gives a figure:
50dB(mW)−0dB(mW) =
50dB (10)
Sum of two levels does not make sense:
20dB(mW) +30dB(mW)
wrong! (11)
Magdowski (Chair for EMC) Fundamentals of EMC 11. September 2024

52. Calculation in Decibels
Summary of Calculation Rules
Sum or difference of two figures is again a figure:
20dB+30dB=
50dB (8)
Sum of figure and level gives a level:
0dB(mW) +50dB=
50dB(mW) (9)
Difference of two levels gives a figure:
50dB(mW)−0dB(mW) =
50dB (10)
Sum of two levels does not make sense:
20dB(mW) +30dB(mW)
wrong! (11)
Magdowski (Chair for EMC) Fundamentals of EMC 11. September 2024

53. Calculation in Decibels
Summary of Calculation Rules
Sum or difference of two figures is again a figure:
20dB+30dB=
50dB (8)
Sum of figure and level gives a level:
0dB(mW) +50dB=
50dB(mW) (9)
Difference of two levels gives a figure:
50dB(mW)−0dB(mW) =
50dB (10)
Sum of two levels does not make sense:
20dB(mW) +30dB(mW)
wrong! (11)
Magdowski (Chair for EMC) Fundamentals of EMC 11. September 2024

54. Calculation in Decibels
Summary of Calculation Rules
Sum or difference of two figures is again a figure:
20dB+30dB=
50dB (8)
Sum of figure and level gives a level:
0dB(mW) +50dB=
50dB(mW) (9)
Difference of two levels gives a figure:
50dB(mW)−0dB(mW) =
50dB (10)
Sum of two levels does not make sense:
20dB(mW) +30dB(mW)
wrong! (11)
Magdowski (Chair for EMC) Fundamentals of EMC 11. September 2024

55. Calculation in Decibels
Summary of Calculation Rules
Sum or difference of two figures is again a figure:
20dB+30dB=
50dB (8)
Sum of figure and level gives a level:
0dB(mW) +50dB=
50dB(mW) (9)
Difference of two levels gives a figure:
50dB(mW)−0dB(mW) =
50dB (10)
Sum of two levels does not make sense:
20dB(mW) +30dB(mW)
wrong! (11)
Magdowski (Chair for EMC) Fundamentals of EMC 11. September 2024

56. Calculation in Decibels
Summary of Calculation Rules
Sum or difference of two figures is again a figure:
20dB+30dB=
50dB (8)
Sum of figure and level gives a level:
0dB(mW) +50dB=
50dB(mW) (9)
Difference of two levels gives a figure:
50dB(mW)−0dB(mW) =
50dB (10)
Sum of two levels does not make sense:
20dB(mW) +30dB(mW)
wrong! (11)
Magdowski (Chair for EMC) Fundamentals of EMC 11. September 2024

57. Calculation in Decibels
Summary of Calculation Rules
Sum or difference of two figures is again a figure:
20dB+30dB=
50dB (8)
Sum of figure and level gives a level:
0dB(mW) +50dB=
50dB(mW) (9)
Difference of two levels gives a figure:
50dB(mW)−0dB(mW) =
50dB (10)
Sum of two levels does not make sense:
20dB(mW) +30dB(mW)
wrong! (11)
Magdowski (Chair for EMC) Fundamentals of EMC 11. September 2024

58. Calculation in Decibels
Summary of Calculation Rules
Sum or difference of two figures is again a figure:
20dB+30dB=
50dB (8)
Sum of figure and level gives a level:
0dB(mW) +50dB=
50dB(mW) (9)
Difference of two levels gives a figure:
50dB(mW)−0dB(mW) =
50dB (10)
Sum of two levels does not make sense:
20dB(mW) +30dB(mW)
wrong! (11)
Magdowski (Chair for EMC) Fundamentals of EMC 11. September 2024

59. Calculation in Decibels
Recommendation
Subject to change – A. Winter, 05.2014 – 1MA98_9e




Products: Signal generators, spectrum analyzers, test receivers, network analyzers, power meters, audio analyzers

dB or not dB?
Everything you ever wanted to know
about decibels but were afraid to ask…

Application Note 1MA98
True or false: 30 dBm + 30 dBm = 60 dBm? Why does 1% work out to be -40 dB one time but
then 0.1 dB or 0.05 dB the next time? These questions sometimes leave even experienced
engineers scratching their heads. Decibels are found everywhere, including power levels,
voltages, reflection coefficients, noise figures, field strengths and more. What is a decibel and
how should we use it in our calculations? This Application Note is intended as a refresher on
the subject of decibels.


Magdowski (Chair for EMC) Fundamentals of EMC 11. September 2024

60. Common Mode and Differential Mode
Intermediate Overview
1
Definition and Aspects of EMC
2
Sources of Disturbances
3
Frequency Domain and Time Domain
4
Calculation in Decibels
5
Common Mode and Differential Mode
Magdowski (Chair for EMC) Fundamentals of EMC 11. September 2024

61. Common Mode and Differential Mode
Symmetrically Operated Circuit
ReUg2Rg2I2Cs2Ug1Rg1I1Cs1Rl1Rl2U2UcmU12=UdmU1
Magdowski (Chair for EMC) Fundamentals of EMC 11. September 2024

62. Common Mode and Differential Mode
Common-Mode and Differential-Mode Current
I1
Icm/2IdmI2
Common-mode current:
leads to radiation (antenna mode)
vanishes at the end of symmetrical circuits
transfers via stray capacitances to other conductors
Differential-mode current:
only very few radiation
calculable by means of transmission line theory (transmission line mode)
Magdowski (Chair for EMC) Fundamentals of EMC 11. September 2024

63. Common Mode and Differential Mode
Kahoot! Quiz
https://create.kahoot.it/share/quiz- for- the- emc- boot- camp/9df0374f- 2ab6- 48a3- 8ccd- 5f097625bf6d
Magdowski (Chair for EMC) Fundamentals of EMC 11. September 2024

64. Common Mode and Differential Mode
https://twitter.com/MarkusRidderbu8/status/
1523708966039351297
Thank you very much for
your attention!
Which questions do you
have?
Magdowski (Chair for EMC) Fundamentals of EMC 11. September 2024