Fundamentals_of_ ppt Spectroscopy (2).pptx

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1. Fundamentals of Spectroscopy Introduction to light–matter interactions Applications in chemistry, physics, and biology

2. Electromagnetic Radiation & Light-Matter Interaction EM radiation: wave–particle duality (photons) Interaction mechanisms: absorption, emission, scattering Excited states: transition from ground → excited level Regions of spectrum: Radio, Microwave, IR, Visible, UV, X-ray

3. Electronic Absorption & Emission Atoms: Sharp line spectra (quantized transitions) Molecules: Band spectra (vibrational + rotational fine structure) Absorption: promotion of electron → higher orbital Emission: relaxation → photon release

4. Basics of Atomic & Molecular Spectroscopy Atomic spectroscopy: electronic transitions only Molecular spectroscopy: electronic, vibrational, rotational Spectra provide fingerprints of elements/molecules

5. Electronic Spectroscopy (UV-Vis) UV-Vis range: 200–800 nm Electronic transitions: σ → σ*, n → π*, π → π* (conjugated systems) Applications: concentration determination (Beer–Lambert law), structure analysis

6. Vibrational Spectroscopy (IR & Raman) IR spectroscopy: absorption of IR → vibrational transitions (functional group ID) Raman spectroscopy: inelastic scattering of light (complementary to IR) Applications: molecular structure, chemical bonding

7. Basics of Mass Spectrometry Ionization of molecules → charged fragments Mass-to-charge ratio (m/z) detection Provides molecular weight & fragmentation pattern Coupled with chromatography (GC-MS, LC-MS)

8. Flame Atomic Emission Spectroscopy Excitation of atoms in a flame → emission of characteristic wavelengths Qualitative: element identification Quantitative: intensity proportional to concentration Common in metal analysis (Na, K, Ca)

9. Fluorescence Spectroscopy Absorption of light → excited state → re-emission at longer wavelength High sensitivity (trace detection) Applications: biomolecular probes, diagnostics, environmental monitoring

10. NMR Spectroscopy Nuclei with spin (¹H, ¹³C) in magnetic field absorb radiofrequency Provides chemical environment of nuclei Applications: structure determination, medical imaging (MRI)

11. Conclusion Spectroscopy: tool for studying atomic & molecular structure Different techniques probe different energy levels Electronic (UV-Vis, fluorescence, AES); Vibrational (IR, Raman); Mass spectrometry; NMR Applications across chemistry, biology, materials, medicine