Fundamentals of Remote Sensing Applied Remote Sensing Basics Introduction to RS Remote Sensing Principles Understanding Remote Sensing
mogesgetachew2
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Apr 07, 2025
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About This Presentation
Part 2: Geographic Information Systems (GIS)
The second part introduces Geographic Information Systems (GIS), a powerful technology for managing and analyzing spatial data. GIS is defined as an organized collection of computer hardware, software, geographic data, and personnel designed to efficient...
Slide Content
GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION
SYSTEMS (GIS) FOR BIOLOGY
.
1
SYSTEMS (GIS) FOR BIOLOGY
.
1
Contents (Major Topics)
Introduction to GIS
Coordinate systems
Basic GIS concepts
Data entry/capture and manipulation
Data analysis
Information visualization
2
Introduction to GIS
Coordinate systems
Basic GIS concepts
Data entry/capture and manipulation
Data analysis
Information visualization
2
1. Introduction to GIS
Definition
Components
Hardware
Software
Data
Procedure
personnel
Questions a GIS can answer
Sample GIS applications
/2023 3
Definition
Components
Hardware
Software
Data
Procedure
personnel
Questions a GIS can answer
Sample GIS applications
/2023 3
GIS definition
GIS = Geographic Information Systems
GIS is
an organized collection of
Computer hardware, software,
geographic data,
procedure and personnel
designed to efficiently
capture, store, update, manipulate,
analyze, and display
all forms of geographically referenced
information.
1.
Introduction
to
GIS
12023 4
GIS = Geographic Information Systems
GIS is
an organized collection of
Computer hardware, software,
geographic data,
procedure and personnel
designed to efficiently
capture, store, update, manipulate,
analyze, and display
all forms of geographically referenced
information.
1.
Introduction
to
GIS
12023 4
Components of GIS
hardware
software
data (geographic data)
data management and analysis procedures
personnel
1.
Introduction
to
GIS
5
hardware
software
data (geographic data)
data management and analysis procedures
personnel
1.
Introduction
to
GIS
5
Hardware
The hardware component of GIS includes:
Computer,
Data input devices (e.g. digitizer, scanner, digital
camera),
Data out put devices (e.g. printer, plotter), and
Secondary (external) storage devices (e.g. CD,
Flash disc, external hard disc)
1.
Introduction
to
GIS
6
The hardware component of GIS includes:
Computer,
Data input devices (e.g. digitizer, scanner, digital
camera),
Data out put devices (e.g. printer, plotter), and
Secondary (external) storage devices (e.g. CD,
Flash disc, external hard disc)
1.
Introduction
to
GIS
6
GIS Software
The software component of GIS should allow
users to manage geographic data:
Data input into the computer
Store data in the database
Manage data
?
Transform/project data (manage the coordinate
system)
Perform GIS analysis
Output/visualize data/information
1.
Introduction
to
GIS
7
The software component of GIS should allow
users to manage geographic data:
Data input into the computer
Store data in the database
Manage data
?
Transform/project data (manage the coordinate
system)
Perform GIS analysis
Output/visualize data/information
1.
Introduction
to
GIS
7
Two categories of GIS software ***
Commercial offerings, e.g.
ArcGIS
ArcView
MapInfo
ERDAS
IDRIS…
Open source (free software), e.g.
GRASS
QGIS (Quantum GIS) including different
extensions / plug-in
PostGIS and GRASS
….
1.
Introduction
to
GIS
8
Commercial offerings, e.g.
ArcGIS
ArcView
MapInfo
ERDAS
IDRIS…
Open source (free software), e.g.
GRASS
QGIS (Quantum GIS) including different
extensions / plug-in
PostGIS and GRASS
….
1.
Introduction
to
GIS
8
Data
Two major types of data:
spatial data
information about location of features, and their
relationship with other features
non-spatial data
data that describes geographic features
Sources of data
Field survey data
Existing tabular data and map data
Remote sensing data
aerial photographs and satellite imagery
Soft idea/undocumented knowledge
1.
Introduction
to
GIS
12023 9
Two major types of data:
spatial data
information about location of features, and their
relationship with other features
non-spatial data
data that describes geographic features
Sources of data
Field survey data
Existing tabular data and map data
Remote sensing data
aerial photographs and satellite imagery
Soft idea/undocumented knowledge
1.
Introduction
to
GIS
12023 9
Data management & analysis procedures
1.
Introduction
to
GIS
Required to facilitate the data
input, storage, management,
retrieval, analysis and presentation
The general procedure for a GIS project
includes
Determining the objectives of the GIS project
Designing the database
Building/creating the GIS database
Entering data
Analysis of the data
Presentation of the analysis results (information)
10
1.
Introduction
to
GIS
Required to facilitate the data
input, storage, management,
retrieval, analysis and presentation
The general procedure for a GIS project
includes
Determining the objectives of the GIS project
Designing the database
Building/creating the GIS database
Entering data
Analysis of the data
Presentation of the analysis results (information)
10
Personnel in GIS
People working with the data management
Collecting data in the filed
Managing the data (see the general procedure for
a GIS project)
Final users of the results of the analysis (the
GIS output)
decision-makers
planners
resource managers
technicians
the public
1.
Introduction
to
GIS
11
People working with the data management
Collecting data in the filed
Managing the data (see the general procedure for
a GIS project)
Final users of the results of the analysis (the
GIS output)
decision-makers
planners
resource managers
technicians
the public
1.
Introduction
to
GIS
11
Questions a GIS can answer
A GIS can be distinguished by listing the
types of questions it can (or should be able
to) answer.
Five generic questions that a sophisticated
GIS can answer.
Location
Condition
Trends
Patterns
Modeling
What is at...?
Where is…?
What has changed since...?
What spatial patterns exist?
What if...?
1.
Introduction
to
GIS
12023 12
A GIS can be distinguished by listing the
types of questions it can (or should be able
to) answer.
Five generic questions that a sophisticated
GIS can answer.
Location
Condition
Trends
Patterns
Modeling
What is at...?
Where is…?
What has changed since...?
What spatial patterns exist?
What if...?
1.
Introduction
to
GIS
12023 12
Sample GIS applications (1/2)
1.
Introduction
to
GIS
General
Scientific investigations
Resource management including planning and
monitoring
environmental impact assessment
urban planning
cartography
criminology
history
marketing
route planning, …
12023 13
1.
Introduction
to
GIS
General
Scientific investigations
Resource management including planning and
monitoring
environmental impact assessment
urban planning
cartography
criminology
history
marketing
route planning, …
12023 13
Sample GIS applications (2/2)
Specific applications’ example
Land use planning
Forest management
Land cover (land resources) assessment
Watershed management planning and monitoring
Monitoring and modeling environmental changes
Protected areas management
Tourism
Building land registration systems and census
Soil and water conservation ….
1.
Introduction
to
GIS
12023 14
Specific applications’ example
Land use planning
Forest management
Land cover (land resources) assessment
Watershed management planning and monitoring
Monitoring and modeling environmental changes
Protected areas management
Tourism
Building land registration systems and census
Soil and water conservation ….
1.
Introduction
to
GIS
12023 14
What a GIS is not?
1.
Introduction
to
GIS
XXX
A GIS is not simply a computer system for making
maps, although it can create maps at different
scales, in different projections and with different
colors.
A GIS is an analysis tool.
12023 15
1.
Introduction
to
GIS
XXX
A GIS is not simply a computer system for making
maps, although it can create maps at different
scales, in different projections and with different
colors.
A GIS is an analysis tool.
12023 15
Activities: Short report (max 2 pages)
Review the types of information that are
Used / required in your profession / activities and
that have geographic nature.
List different questions (related to the above
information) that can be answered with the help
of GIS
Select one GIS software / WWW based
preferably easily accessible (QGIS proposed )
describe its major components/ capabilities
Submit before
1.
Introduction
to
GIS
12023 16
Review the types of information that are
Used / required in your profession / activities and
that have geographic nature.
List different questions (related to the above
information) that can be answered with the help
of GIS
Select one GIS software / WWW based
preferably easily accessible (QGIS proposed )
describe its major components/ capabilities
Submit before
1.
Introduction
to
GIS
12023 16
2. Coordinate systems
Geospatial data is represented in the form of
coordinates.
The two main types of coordinate systems
are:
geographic coordinate systems
projected coordinate systems
2.
Coordinate
systems
12023 20
Geospatial data is represented in the form of
coordinates.
The two main types of coordinate systems
are:
geographic coordinate systems
projected coordinate systems
2.
Coordinate
systems
12023 20
7.1 Geography coordinate system
o o
15.253 E, 27.325 N
?
2.
Coordinate
systems
12023 21
o o
15.253 E, 27.325 N
?
2.
Coordinate
systems
12023 21
Geography coordinate system
Defined by:
set of east-west rings around the globe (parallel to
the equator), and
set of north-south rings crossing the equator at
right angles and converging at the poles
Using the longitudes and latitudes a network
of reference lines is formed from which any
point on the earth's surface can be located.
2.
Coordinate
systems
12023 22
Defined by:
set of east-west rings around the globe (parallel to
the equator), and
set of north-south rings crossing the equator at
right angles and converging at the poles
Using the longitudes and latitudes a network
of reference lines is formed from which any
point on the earth's surface can be located.
2.
Coordinate
systems
12023 22
Latitudes and longitudes
The rings around the earth parallel to the equator
are called parallels of latitude or simply parallels.
Lines of latitude run east-west.
Numbered from 0 to 90 and tagged with N/S
A second set of rings around the globe at right
angles to lines of latitude and passing through the
poles is known as meridians of longitude or simply
meridians. One meridian is designated as the prime
meridian. The distance east or west of a prime
meridian to a point is known as its longitude. Lines
of longitude (meridians) run north-south.
Numbered from 0 to 180 and tagged with E/W
2.
Coordinate
systems
12023 23
The rings around the earth parallel to the equator
are called parallels of latitude or simply parallels.
Lines of latitude run east-west.
Numbered from 0 to 90 and tagged with N/S
A second set of rings around the globe at right
angles to lines of latitude and passing through the
poles is known as meridians of longitude or simply
meridians. One meridian is designated as the prime
meridian. The distance east or west of a prime
meridian to a point is known as its longitude. Lines
of longitude (meridians) run north-south.
Numbered from 0 to 180 and tagged with E/W
2.
Coordinate
systems
12023 23
Unit formats for GCS
Three options
Degree Minute Second decimal)
Degree Minute (decimal)
Degree (decimal)
Convert from one format to the other
A is located at
7 degree 4 minute 12 second
? degree decimal
2.
Coordinate
systems
12023 24 Reference Coordinate Systems
Three options
Degree Minute Second decimal)
Degree Minute (decimal)
Degree (decimal)
Convert from one format to the other
A is located at
7 degree 4 minute 12 second
? degree decimal
2.
Coordinate
systems
12023 24 Reference Coordinate Systems
25
Projected coordinate system
Projected coordinate system
7.2 Projected coordinate system
A map projection (projection) is a
mathematical means of transferring
information from a model of the Earth, which
represents a three-dimensional curved
surface, to a two-dimensional medium
(paper or a computer screen).
Why is map projection needed?
To know distances between places, areas of
features, and direction.
Various types of projection exist;
e.g. of map projection is UTM
2.
Coordinate
systems
12023 26
A map projection (projection) is a
mathematical means of transferring
information from a model of the Earth, which
represents a three-dimensional curved
surface, to a two-dimensional medium
(paper or a computer screen).
Why is map projection needed?
To know distances between places, areas of
features, and direction.
Various types of projection exist;
e.g. of map projection is UTM
2.
Coordinate
systems
12023 26
Universal Transverse Mercator
= UTM
is very accurate in narrow zones,
used in Ethiopia (1:50000 topographic maps
of Ethiopia),
has become the basis for a global coordinate
system
GPS
Satellite images
UTM’s unit of measurement is meter.
2.
Coordinate
systems
12023 27
= UTM
is very accurate in narrow zones,
used in Ethiopia (1:50000 topographic maps
of Ethiopia),
has become the basis for a global coordinate
system
GPS
Satellite images
UTM’s unit of measurement is meter.
2.
Coordinate
systems
12023 27
Universal Transverse Mercator
2.
Coordinate
systems
The world is divided into 60 zones of 6
o
of
longitude in width.
Zone 1 has its western edge at 180
o
. Zone 60
has its eastern edge on the same meridian.
Numbered from west to east.
A second zoning is made along the latitudes
following 8
o
intervals (except the most northern
zone).
The origin of each zone is located on a point at
the equator, where it is intersected by the
central meridian of the zone. (!!!!)
12023 Reference Coordinate Systems 28
2.
Coordinate
systems
The world is divided into 60 zones of 6
o
of
longitude in width.
Zone 1 has its western edge at 180
o
. Zone 60
has its eastern edge on the same meridian.
Numbered from west to east.
A second zoning is made along the latitudes
following 8
o
intervals (except the most northern
zone).
The origin of each zone is located on a point at
the equator, where it is intersected by the
central meridian of the zone. (!!!!)
12023 Reference Coordinate Systems 28
12023 Introduction to GIS 29
Universal Transverse Mercator
12023 30
The easting of the origin of each zone is
assigned a value 500000 m.
Each zone has its own coordinate system.
Northings:
For the S Hemisphere the equator is assigned
the value 10000000.
For N Hemisphere the value at the equator is
assigned as 0.
2.
Coordinate
systems
12023 30
The easting of the origin of each zone is
assigned a value 500000 m.
Each zone has its own coordinate system.
Northings:
For the S Hemisphere the equator is assigned
the value 10000000.
For N Hemisphere the value at the equator is
assigned as 0.
2.
Coordinate
systems
12023 31
36 37 38
2.
Coordinate
systems
Reference Coordinate Systems
36 37 38
2.
Coordinate
systems
Reference Coordinate Systems
W180 w174 E30 E36 E42
177
0 33
0
39
0
12023 Introduction to GIS 32
zone 1 36 37
False easting = 500000 and northing 0 for N of equator
2.
Coordinate
systems
177
0 33
0
39
0
12023 Introduction to GIS 32
zone 1 36 37
False easting = 500000 and northing 0 for N of equator
2.
Coordinate
systems
E30
0 E36
0 E42
0
33E
0
39E
0
A C
33
B
equator
500000,0 500000,0
A = 550000mE,768000mN (zone 36)
B = 300000mE,568000mN (zone 36)
Projected coordinate
system:
UTM
as
an
example
0 E36
0 E42
0
33E
0
39E
0
A C
33
B
equator
500000,0 500000,0
A = 550000mE,768000mN (zone 36)
B = 300000mE,568000mN (zone 36)
Projected coordinate
system:
UTM
as
an
example
7.3 Projection and transformation
12023 34
The process of converting GCS to projected
coordinate system
projection
projected coordinate system with different
datum
Transformation
Attention to the datum used, e.g. in Ethiopia
Adindan (1:50000 topographic maps of Ethiopia),
WGS84 used by most of satellite images and
GPS
2.
Coordinate
systems
12023 34
The process of converting GCS to projected
coordinate system
projection
projected coordinate system with different
datum
Transformation
Attention to the datum used, e.g. in Ethiopia
Adindan (1:50000 topographic maps of Ethiopia),
WGS84 used by most of satellite images and
GPS
2.
Coordinate
systems
7.4 Global Positioning
System
Principle
Uses
Limitations other
35
System
Principle
Uses
Limitations other
35
Global Positioning System
GPS
GLONAS
Galileo
Global
Positioning
System
36
GPS
GLONAS
Galileo
Global
Positioning
System
36
Global Positioning System
Known as GPS
GPS is a Satellite Navigation System
by the U. S. Department of Defense (DOD).
Users
the U. S. military
many thousands of civil users of GPS world-wide
+
GPS provides specially coded satellite signals that
can be processed in a GPS receiver, enabling the
receiver to compute
position, velocity and time
Global
Positioning
System
37
Known as GPS
GPS is a Satellite Navigation System
by the U. S. Department of Defense (DOD).
Users
the U. S. military
many thousands of civil users of GPS world-wide
+
GPS provides specially coded satellite signals that
can be processed in a GPS receiver, enabling the
receiver to compute
position, velocity and time
Global
Positioning
System
37
GPS satellite
GPS receiver
GPS provides specially coded satellite signals that
can be processed in a GPS receiver, enabling the
receiver to compute position, velocity and time
38
Global
Positioning
System
GPS receiver
GPS provides specially coded satellite signals that
can be processed in a GPS receiver, enabling the
receiver to compute position, velocity and time
38
Global
Positioning
System
GPS segments / components
Space segment (satellites)
Control segment (ground stations)
User segment (receiver)
Global
Positioning
System
39
Space segment (satellites)
Control segment (ground stations)
User segment (receiver)
Global
Positioning
System
39
40
Global Positioning System
Global Positioning System
Space
segment
•consists GPS
satellites vehicles
(SVs).
•These space
vehicles (SVs)
send radio signals
from space.
Global
Positioning
System
41
segment
•consists GPS
satellites vehicles
(SVs).
•These space
vehicles (SVs)
send radio signals
from space.
Global
Positioning
System
41
Control segment (ground stations)
Global
Positioning
System
42
Global
Positioning
System
42
User segment (receiver)
43
The GPS User
Segment consists
of
•GPS receivers
•user community
GPS receivers
convert SV
signals into
•position
•velocity
•time estimates.
Global
Positioning
System
43
The GPS User
Segment consists
of
•GPS receivers
•user community
GPS receivers
convert SV
signals into
•position
•velocity
•time estimates.
Global
Positioning
System
44
Global Positioning System
Global Positioning System
Uses of GPS
GPS receivers are used for
Navigation
Require the coordinates of the point,
datum, and zone number (in case of
UTM)
Positioning
Time dissemination
other research.
45
Global
Positioning
System
GPS receivers are used for
Navigation
Require the coordinates of the point,
datum, and zone number (in case of
UTM)
Positioning
Time dissemination
other research.
45
Global
Positioning
System
Positioning information
GPS used for positioning coordinates of
points/objects in
Geographic coordinate system and/or
Projected coordinate system
A location of given place in the world can be
recorded using
pair (triplet) of coordinates
Easting, Northing, (Elevation) or
Longitude, Latitude, (Altitude)
some other information
E.g. Zone number in case of UTM
Datum
Global
Positioning
System
46
GPS used for positioning coordinates of
points/objects in
Geographic coordinate system and/or
Projected coordinate system
A location of given place in the world can be
recorded using
pair (triplet) of coordinates
Easting, Northing, (Elevation) or
Longitude, Latitude, (Altitude)
some other information
E.g. Zone number in case of UTM
Datum
Global
Positioning
System
46
Limitation
47
GPS Error results in limited accuracy
GPS Error Sources
SV clock errors
Control segment mistakes
Errors due to the atmosphere causing delays
Multi path (reflected signals)
User mistakes
Receiver errors
Global
Positioning
System
Reference Coordinate Systems
47
GPS Error results in limited accuracy
GPS Error Sources
SV clock errors
Control segment mistakes
Errors due to the atmosphere causing delays
Multi path (reflected signals)
User mistakes
Receiver errors
Global
Positioning
System
Reference Coordinate Systems
Possible solution to improve accuracy in
u sing GPS is to apply
48
Global
Positioning
System
u sing GPS is to apply
48
Global
Positioning
System
Activities: Short report (max 2 pages)
Describe the location of the following
geographic features using appropriate
coordinate systems and using two different
data sources (if possible):
Shashemene town
Abijata-Shall national park (headquarter)
WGCF-NR meteorology station
The road from main gate to the academic building
of WGCFNR 2.
Coordinate
systems
12023 49
Describe the location of the following
geographic features using appropriate
coordinate systems and using two different
data sources (if possible):
Shashemene town
Abijata-Shall national park (headquarter)
WGCF-NR meteorology station
The road from main gate to the academic building
of WGCFNR 2.
Coordinate
systems
12023 49
Activities: Short report (max 2 pages)
Which type of coordinate system is
appropriate for each type of the following
projects? Give reason.
National level – e.g. Ethiopia
Project level – e.g. national park
In which UTM zone/s are the following areas
located?
Ethiopia, each regional state
Bale mountains NP
Gambella national park
2.
Coordinate
systems
12023 59
Which type of coordinate system is
appropriate for each type of the following
projects? Give reason.
National level – e.g. Ethiopia
Project level – e.g. national park
In which UTM zone/s are the following areas
located?
Ethiopia, each regional state
Bale mountains NP
Gambella national park
2.
Coordinate
systems
12023 59
Activities:
Which UTM zone do you apply if a project
area is located in two adjacent UTM zones
(e.g. UTM 37 and UTM 38)? Why?
Collect the coordinates of the following
objects in Hawass using GPS
The parking in front of the main building
The location of the big Tree in front of the main
building
4 corners of the football field
2.
Coordinate
systems
12023 51
Which UTM zone do you apply if a project
area is located in two adjacent UTM zones
(e.g. UTM 37 and UTM 38)? Why?
Collect the coordinates of the following
objects in Hawass using GPS
The parking in front of the main building
The location of the big Tree in front of the main
building
4 corners of the football field
2.
Coordinate
systems
12023 51
3. Basic GIS concepts
Data vs. information
Geographic data types (map information
types)
Spatial
Non-spatial
Data model types
Vector
Raster
….
Topology….
3.
Basic
GIS
concepts
12023 53
Data vs. information
Geographic data types (map information
types)
Spatial
Non-spatial
Data model types
Vector
Raster
….
Topology….
3.
Basic
GIS
concepts
12023 53
Data vs. information
Data are raw, unsummarized and unanalyzed
facts.
Information is data that has been processed
into a meaningful form.
One person’s information can be another
person’s data. Information that is meaningful
to one person can be too detailed for another
person.
3.
Basic
GIS
concepts
12023 54
Data are raw, unsummarized and unanalyzed
facts.
Information is data that has been processed
into a meaningful form.
One person’s information can be another
person’s data. Information that is meaningful
to one person can be too detailed for another
person.
3.
Basic
GIS
concepts
12023 54
Land use
data or information?
12023 55 Introduction to GIS
data or information?
12023 55 Introduction to GIS
Major towns of Ethiopia
data or information?
12023 56
data or information?
12023 56
Forests of Ethiopia
data or information?
12023 57 Introduction to GIS
data or information?
12023 57 Introduction to GIS
Geographic data types
Normally geographic data are organized in a
geographic database
Two components of geographic data:
Spatial data
geographic position of features
Non-spatial
attributes or properties of geographic features
also called
aspatial data
descriptive data
attribute data
3.
Basic
GIS
concepts
12023 58
Normally geographic data are organized in a
geographic database
Two components of geographic data:
Spatial data
geographic position of features
Non-spatial
attributes or properties of geographic features
also called
aspatial data
descriptive data
attribute data
3.
Basic
GIS
concepts
12023 58
Spatial
Non-spatial
E.g. land cover
blocks of WGCF-NR
in 2000
12023 59
3.
Basic
GIS
concepts
Non-spatial
E.g. land cover
blocks of WGCF-NR
in 2000
12023 59
3.
Basic
GIS
concepts
Representing the geographic world as
As discrete objects
The discrete object view represents the
geographic world as objects with well-defined
boundaries in otherwise empty space.
Objects are distinguished by their dimensions,
and naturally fall into categories of points, lines, or
areas.
12023 60
As discrete objects
The discrete object view represents the
geographic world as objects with well-defined
boundaries in otherwise empty space.
Objects are distinguished by their dimensions,
and naturally fall into categories of points, lines, or
areas.
12023 60
Representing the geographic world as
Continuous fields
The continuous field view represents the real
world as a finite number of variables, each one
defined at every possible position.
Continuous fields can be distinguished by what
varies, and how smoothly. A continuous field of
elevation, for example, varies much more
smoo.thly
12023 61
Continuous fields
The continuous field view represents the real
world as a finite number of variables, each one
defined at every possible position.
Continuous fields can be distinguished by what
varies, and how smoothly. A continuous field of
elevation, for example, varies much more
smoo.thly
12023 61
Data model types
The two fundamental map (spatial data)
representation techniques:
vector data model
raster data model
Raster and vector are two methods of
representing geographic data in digital
computers.
3.
Basic
GIS
concepts
12023 62
The two fundamental map (spatial data)
representation techniques:
vector data model
raster data model
Raster and vector are two methods of
representing geographic data in digital
computers.
3.
Basic
GIS
concepts
12023 62
Vector data model
Spatial information is represented in the form
of coordinates (e.g X,Y or X,Y, Z).
The basic units of spatial information are
Points
Lines
Polygons
Pairs of numbers are expressing
horizontal distances along orthogonal axes, or
triplets of numbers measuring horizontal and
vertical distances.
3.
Basic
GIS
concepts
12023 63
Spatial information is represented in the form
of coordinates (e.g X,Y or X,Y, Z).
The basic units of spatial information are
Points
Lines
Polygons
Pairs of numbers are expressing
horizontal distances along orthogonal axes, or
triplets of numbers measuring horizontal and
vertical distances.
3.
Basic
GIS
concepts
12023 63
Point feature in vector data model
The simplest type of spatial
data.
A point normally represents
a geographic feature too
small to be displayed as a
line or area
Has a position in space but
no length.
Represented by a single
X,Y co-ordinate. E.g.
building on a small-scale
map.
3.
Basic
GIS
concepts
12023 64
The simplest type of spatial
data.
A point normally represents
a geographic feature too
small to be displayed as a
line or area
Has a position in space but
no length.
Represented by a single
X,Y co-ordinate. E.g.
building on a small-scale
map.
3.
Basic
GIS
concepts
12023 64
Point feature in vector data model
Where is
the
geographic
feature B
located?
12023 65
3.
Basic
GIS
concepts
Where is
the
geographic
feature B
located?
12023 65
3.
Basic
GIS
concepts
Line feature in vector data model
Line is a set of ordered
co-ordinates
has a position in space
and a length
Used to represent the
shape of geographic
features too narrow to
be displayed as an
area at the given scale
E.g. contours, street
centerlines, or streams
3.
Basic
GIS
concepts
12023 66
Line is a set of ordered
co-ordinates
has a position in space
and a length
Used to represent the
shape of geographic
features too narrow to
be displayed as an
area at the given scale
E.g. contours, street
centerlines, or streams
3.
Basic
GIS
concepts
12023 66
Line feature in vector data model
Where is the
geographic
feature C
located?
12023 67
3.
Basic
GIS
concepts
Where is the
geographic
feature C
located?
12023 67
3.
Basic
GIS
concepts
Polygon feature in vector data model
Has a position in space,
a length (perimeter), an
area
used to represent
areas.
A polygon is defined by
the lines that make up
its boundary (and a
point inside its
boundary for
identification/ labeling).
3.
Basic
GIS
concepts
12023 68
Has a position in space,
a length (perimeter), an
area
used to represent
areas.
A polygon is defined by
the lines that make up
its boundary (and a
point inside its
boundary for
identification/ labeling).
3.
Basic
GIS
concepts
12023 68
Polygon feature in vector data model
Where is the
geographic
feature A
located?
12023 69 Introduction to GIS
3.
Basic
GIS
concepts
Where is the
geographic
feature A
located?
12023 69 Introduction to GIS
3.
Basic
GIS
concepts
Representation of objects -vector model
3.
Basic
GIS
concepts
70
3.
Basic
GIS
concepts
70
Representation of objects -vector model
3.
Basic
GIS
concepts
71
3.
Basic
GIS
concepts
71
Representation of objects -vector model
3.
Basic
GIS
concepts
72
3.
Basic
GIS
concepts
72
Practical:
Getting started with GIS software
Geographic data type (vector data model)
Spatial
Non-spatial
Time for discussion
..
…
3.
Basic
GIS
concepts
12023 73
Getting started with GIS software
Geographic data type (vector data model)
Spatial
Non-spatial
Time for discussion
..
…
3.
Basic
GIS
concepts
12023 73
Topology
Topology is the science and mathematics
of relationships used to
validate the geometry of vector entities, and
for operations such as network tracing and
tests of polygon adjacency.
3.
Basic
GIS
concepts
12023 75
Topology is the science and mathematics
of relationships used to
validate the geometry of vector entities, and
for operations such as network tracing and
tests of polygon adjacency.
3.
Basic
GIS
concepts
12023 75
Raster data model
a method for the storage, processing and display of
spatial data.
Each area is divided into rows and columns, which
form a regular grid structure.
Each cell within this matrix contains location co-
ordinates as well as an attribute value.
The spatial location of each cell is implicitly
contained within the ordering of the matrix.
Areas containing the same attribute value are
recognized as such, however, raster structures
cannot identify the boundaries of such areas as
polygons.
3.
Basic
GIS
concepts
12023 76
a method for the storage, processing and display of
spatial data.
Each area is divided into rows and columns, which
form a regular grid structure.
Each cell within this matrix contains location co-
ordinates as well as an attribute value.
The spatial location of each cell is implicitly
contained within the ordering of the matrix.
Areas containing the same attribute value are
recognized as such, however, raster structures
cannot identify the boundaries of such areas as
polygons.
3.
Basic
GIS
concepts
12023 76
1
2023
77
3. Basic GIS concepts
2023
77
3. Basic GIS concepts
1
2023
78
3. Basic GIS concepts
2023
78
3. Basic GIS concepts
Effect of raster representation
The largest share
rule
The central point
rule 3.
Basic
GIS
concepts
12023 79
The largest share
rule
The central point
rule 3.
Basic
GIS
concepts
12023 79
E.g. of raster data model
Most often, images (satellite images and their
digital processing results) are raster data
Scanned aerial photographs
Scanned maps e.g.
Topographic map
Thematic map such as vegetation map, landover
map
Most of derived data based on data that are
in raster format
Rasterized vector data *
3.
Basic
GIS
concepts
12023 89
Most often, images (satellite images and their
digital processing results) are raster data
Scanned aerial photographs
Scanned maps e.g.
Topographic map
Thematic map such as vegetation map, landover
map
Most of derived data based on data that are
in raster format
Rasterized vector data *
3.
Basic
GIS
concepts
12023 89
Raster data model
With the raster data model, spatial data is not
continuous but divided into discrete units.
Raster structures may lead to increased
storage in certain situations since they store
each cell in the matrix regardless of whether
it is a feature or simply 'empty' space (0 in the
previous figure).
3.
Basic
GIS
concepts
12023 81
With the raster data model, spatial data is not
continuous but divided into discrete units.
Raster structures may lead to increased
storage in certain situations since they store
each cell in the matrix regardless of whether
it is a feature or simply 'empty' space (0 in the
previous figure).
3.
Basic
GIS
concepts
12023 81
Raster-vector data conversion
Since digital data are collected and stored in various
ways, the two data sources may not be entirely
compatible.
So a GIS must be able to convert geographic data
from one structure to another.
Rasterization
Vecterization
Limitations?
3.
Basic
GIS
concepts
12023 82
Since digital data are collected and stored in various
ways, the two data sources may not be entirely
compatible.
So a GIS must be able to convert geographic data
from one structure to another.
Rasterization
Vecterization
Limitations?
3.
Basic
GIS
concepts
12023 82
4.1 Organizing map information
•uses a layered approach
4.
Geographic
database
12023 85
•uses a layered approach
4.
Geographic
database
12023 85
4.2 Database
A database is a collection of information
about things and their relationships to
each other.
GIS database
(Computer world)
soil
Land cover
road
river
Wereda
Region
Real world
in
vector (point, line or polygon)
or
raster data model
4.
Geographic
database
A database is an integrated set of data
on a particular subject.
12023 86
A database is a collection of information
about things and their relationships to
each other.
GIS database
(Computer world)
soil
Land cover
road
river
Wereda
Region
Real world
in
vector (point, line or polygon)
or
raster data model
4.
Geographic
database
A database is an integrated set of data
on a particular subject.
12023 86
4.3 Procedure for database creation
Analysis of the required information
Define the required data and their attributes
Design the database model
Create the database
Enter data into the database; check for errors
12023 87
Analysis of the required information
Define the required data and their attributes
Design the database model
Create the database
Enter data into the database; check for errors
12023 87
4.4 Data sources and entry
4.
Geographic
database
Sources of data
Existing data
Remote sensing data
Field survey data
Soft idea
Data entry techniques
Keyboard method
Digitizing
Importing
Intensive practical
12023 88
4.
Geographic
database
Sources of data
Existing data
Remote sensing data
Field survey data
Soft idea
Data entry techniques
Keyboard method
Digitizing
Importing
Intensive practical
12023 88
5. Data entry/capture
5.
Data entry/capture
Methods used:
Electronic data transfer
From instruments (e.g. GPS)
Importing existing data (e.g. district boundaries,
population census data, DEM from SRTM)
Keyboard entry
Manual digitizing
Automatic scanning*
Integrating image processing results (e.g. Land
Cover map derived through image processing)
12023 94
5.
Data entry/capture
Methods used:
Electronic data transfer
From instruments (e.g. GPS)
Importing existing data (e.g. district boundaries,
population census data, DEM from SRTM)
Keyboard entry
Manual digitizing
Automatic scanning*
Integrating image processing results (e.g. Land
Cover map derived through image processing)
12023 94
5.1 Electronic data transfer
5.
Data entry/capture
Can be used if the data is
available digitally and
compatible to the GIS.
Also known as
Importing/ Integrating existing data
Downloading data
12023 95
5.
Data entry/capture
Can be used if the data is
available digitally and
compatible to the GIS.
Also known as
Importing/ Integrating existing data
Downloading data
12023 95
Data transfer from instruments
Spatial data can be collected in digital form
and transferred from devices (such as GPS
receivers, total stations, …) to the GIS db
Required is a download cable and software to
download the data from the device to a file on
their computer.
5.
Data entry/capture
12023 96
Spatial data can be collected in digital form
and transferred from devices (such as GPS
receivers, total stations, …) to the GIS db
Required is a download cable and software to
download the data from the device to a file on
their computer.
5.
Data entry/capture
12023 96
Existing data transfer
5.
Data entry/capture
Electronic data transfer is an appropriate
method of data encoding where the data are
already available in digital form (from another
organization/data supplier) in a format
compatible with your GIS software.
If the data is in a format that is compatible with
your GIS,
Directly use the data
If the data is not in a format used by your GIS,
need to transform or convert the data to an appropriate
format.
12023 97
5.
Data entry/capture
Electronic data transfer is an appropriate
method of data encoding where the data are
already available in digital form (from another
organization/data supplier) in a format
compatible with your GIS software.
If the data is in a format that is compatible with
your GIS,
Directly use the data
If the data is not in a format used by your GIS,
need to transform or convert the data to an appropriate
format.
12023 97
6. 1 GIS analysis- introduction
The analysis capability of the GIS is the heart
of GIS.
Requires
data and
clear step by step procedure
12023 106
6
.
GIS
analysis
The analysis capability of the GIS is the heart
of GIS.
Requires
data and
clear step by step procedure
12023 106
6
.
GIS
analysis
12023 Introduction to GIS 107
6
.
GIS
analysis
6
.
GIS
analysis
Q B
C
CL
To analyze the land cover situation around “river x” (within 200m from the river )
109
Q = Query
B = Buffering
C = Clip or Intersection
Cl = classification
S
11/18/20
S
17
= summary
6
.
GIS
analysis
C
CL
To analyze the land cover situation around “river x” (within 200m from the river )
109
Q = Query
B = Buffering
C = Clip or Intersection
Cl = classification
S
11/18/20
S
17
= summary
6
.
GIS
analysis
6.2. Analysis operation (covered in the lecture)
Deferent spatial analysis operations exist
Some of analysis operations (selected for the
practical)
Measurement *
Query *
Classification *
Clip *
Topologic overlay (union/intersection) *
Buffer/Proximity analysis *
Network analysis
Statistical and tabular analysis *
12023 110
6
.
GIS
analysis
Deferent spatial analysis operations exist
Some of analysis operations (selected for the
practical)
Measurement *
Query *
Classification *
Clip *
Topologic overlay (union/intersection) *
Buffer/Proximity analysis *
Network analysis
Statistical and tabular analysis *
12023 110
6
.
GIS
analysis
6.2. Analysis operation
Refer to
the manual of the GIS software
GIS reference books
6
.
12023 111
GIS
analysis
Refer to
the manual of the GIS software
GIS reference books
6
.
12023 111
GIS
analysis
6.3.1 Measurements in GIS
Calculating lengths, perimeters and areas is
a common application of GIS.
6
.
12023 114
GIS
analysis
Calculating lengths, perimeters and areas is
a common application of GIS.
6
.
12023 114
GIS
analysis
6.3.2 Queries
Can be performed on
data that are part of the GIS database, or
new data produced as a result of data analysis
Two general types of query:
spatial
non-spatial (aspatial)
A more complex query still is one that uses
both geometric and attributes search criteria
together.
6
.
12023 115
GIS
analysis
Can be performed on
data that are part of the GIS database, or
new data produced as a result of data analysis
Two general types of query:
spatial
non-spatial (aspatial)
A more complex query still is one that uses
both geometric and attributes search criteria
together.
6
.
12023 115
GIS
analysis
6.3 Classification
The dissolve process uses the classification.
The dissolve process is used when you want
to remove boundaries or nodes between
adjacent polygons or lines that have the
same values for a specified attribute.
6
.
12023 116
GIS
analysis
The dissolve process uses the classification.
The dissolve process is used when you want
to remove boundaries or nodes between
adjacent polygons or lines that have the
same values for a specified attribute.
6
.
12023 116
GIS
analysis
6.3 Classification
Reclassification is an important variation on
the query idea in GIS. For instance, in the
land use/cover data, it is possible to allocate
a new value to different land use/cover
classes based on their ecological importance.
6
.
12023 117
GIS
analysis
Reclassification is an important variation on
the query idea in GIS. For instance, in the
land use/cover data, it is possible to allocate
a new value to different land use/cover
classes based on their ecological importance.
6
.
12023 117
GIS
analysis
6.4 Buffer
Is the most common example of functions
available in GIS that allow a spatial entity to
influence its neighbors
Is the creation of a zone of interest around an
entity.
Used to evaluate the characteristics of an
area surrounding in a specified location
It generates polygon feature types
irrespective of geographic features and
delineates spatial proximity
6
.
12023 118
GIS
analysis
Is the most common example of functions
available in GIS that allow a spatial entity to
influence its neighbors
Is the creation of a zone of interest around an
entity.
Used to evaluate the characteristics of an
area surrounding in a specified location
It generates polygon feature types
irrespective of geographic features and
delineates spatial proximity
6
.
12023 118
GIS
analysis
12023 120
12023 121
12023 122
12023 123
12023 124
12023 125
Original
data
12023 126
data
12023 126
Buffer
6
.
12023 127 Introduction to GIS
GIS
analysis
6
.
12023 127 Introduction to GIS
GIS
analysis
6.5 Clip also known as “cookie cutter”
12023 128
12023 128
6.5 Topologic overlay
Note: map overlay can be grouped in to:
graphic overlay
Is not analysis operation produces no-new result
and topologic overlay (overlay)
Is analysis operation, produces new information
6
.
12023 129
GIS
analysis
Note: map overlay can be grouped in to:
graphic overlay
Is not analysis operation produces no-new result
and topologic overlay (overlay)
Is analysis operation, produces new information
6
.
12023 129
GIS
analysis
Topologic overlay (overlay):
Overlays where new spatial data sets are
created involve the merging of data from two
or more input data layers to create a new
output data layer.
Two types (frequently used) are
Intersection
union
6
.
12023 130
GIS
analysis
Overlays where new spatial data sets are
created involve the merging of data from two
or more input data layers to create a new
output data layer.
Two types (frequently used) are
Intersection
union
6
.
12023 130
GIS
analysis
Union (overlay)
12023 131
12023 131
Intersection (overlay)
12023 132
12023 132
Kebele
Landcover
F
G
Topologic
overlay -
intersection
12023 133
Landcover
F
G
Topologic
overlay -
intersection
12023 133
Topologic
overlay -union
F
G
12023 134
overlay -union
F
G
12023 134
Result of intersection
12023 145
12023 145
Result of classification
12023 146
12023 146
7. Information presentation in GIS
7.
Information
presentation
Producing map layout
Primary content
Secondary content
Marginal information
Table
Summarized data/information
unprocessed data in table form
12023 148
7.
Information
presentation
Producing map layout
Primary content
Secondary content
Marginal information
Table
Summarized data/information
unprocessed data in table form
12023 148
Visualizing the result (Map layout)
7.
Information
presentation
12023 149
7.
Information
presentation
12023 149
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