Furniture & Joinery Details_Designs.pptx

Wood Joinery explained in furniture

1. Furniture Design & Assembly Furniture Design & Assembly Presentation by: Ar. Krishna Patil Ar. Hemal Chauhan Third year B.Arch BTMV

2. HARDWOOD : Comes from deciduous trees . Walnut, mahogany, cherry, maple, oak , sal , teak, sheesham etc. It is expensive due to its attractive grains and does not bend easily . SOFTWOOD: comes from coniferous or evergreen trees . Cedar, redwood, pine, fir etc. Bends easily, grain is not as attractive as hardwoods. SOLID WOOD: Refers to wood that do not have hollow spaces. A ll exposed parts of a piece of furniture eg: beds, chair, table are made from whole pieces of wood . It has a tendency to warp, swell, and crack or split ENGINEERED WOOD: Bonded by glue and pressure in a factory . Also referred to as composite wood or engineered wood, i ncludes veneered & pressed wood. Composite wood is commonly used in wardrobes, cabinets etc. Plywood, fibrewood , particle board, laminated venner , etc. TYPES OF WOOD

3. Log is peeled to produce thin plys The wood is then seasoned . An odd number of plys are used. It is created by bonding 3,5,or 7 thin layers of wood to one another. Plys are stacked with grain rotated 90 degree. Cross graining reduces the tendency of wood to split when nailed at the edges and it makes the strength of the panel consistent across all directions Layers are bonded together with adhesive, heat and pressure. Face and core plys can be of different species. Fine wood is used on the outside and cheaper wood on inside Most common dimension of the plywood is 8’ x4’. PLYWOOD OR VENEERED WOOD

4. Video reference for plywood manufacturing process

5. J OINERY

6. J oiner y i n clu d e s t h e co n s t ru c t i on an d f i x i n g of timber works, such as doors, windows, stairs, floor, cupboards, furniture etc. TECHNICAL TERMS IN JOINERY Sawing : The process of cutting the wood with the use of saw. Chamfering : The process of cutting the edge of timber at an angle of 45 degree . Bevel: In the process of chamfering if the angle is other than 45 degree it is known as Bevel .

7. Mitring: It is a process of joining two boards or pieces of timber at an angle . E.g. photoframe Housing: This indicates the sinking of the edge of one piece of timber into another. E.g shelves, partitions, etc. Rebating: This is the process of cutting away a rectangular portion from the edge of timber piece for sufficient depth to receive another piece which is similarly cut to fit in.

8. T YPES OF JOINTS There are different type of joints used in timber construction to suit different purposes

9. LENGTHENING JOINT L APPED JOINT: In this the members are lapped on above the another and binding is done by GI strips and bolts. It is a strong joint and is used where beams need lengthening as in false ceiling or in long ladders, etc. F ISHED JOINT: This joint is made by butting the squared ends of two timber members together and placing short pieces of wood or iron, called fish plates , over the faces of the timbers and bolting the whole together.

10. S CARFED OR SPLICED J O INT: T he s e a re formed by making projections in one member and corresponding depression on the other member. The two pieces are then secured together by metal straps, bolts, fish plates and keys. T ABLED SPLICE JOINT: These are formed by cutting special shapes in both the members and then suitably join ed by means of fish plates, bolts. Bevel lap splice joint Half lap splice joint

11. WIDENING JOINT The members are placed edge to edge to extend the width of the boards / planks. Eg: Wooden floor. B UTT JOINT: This joint is also known as square, straight or plain joint. In this, two members are simply joined by placing them side to side and are glued/nailed/screwed for strength. R EBATED JOINT : The rebate joint is a very similar woodwork joint to the butt joint but the big difference between the two is that one or both of the ends of the timber has a groove cut out of it to create much better holding strength. D OWELLED JOINT: In this, dowels of hard wood, brass or bronze etc. are filled in the hole made by joining two grooved members.

12. DOUBLE TONGUED AND GROOVED JOINT P LOUGHED AND TOUNGED JOINT OR L OOSE TONGUED JOINT: In this both the members have similar grooves on sides and are fitted with wooden piece in between which is glued. T ONGUED AND GROOVED JOINT: This joint is formed by fitting one member having tongue on one side into the other member with corresponding groove on the side.

13. BEARING JOINT These joints offer strength to the members at the junction. H ALVED JOINT: In this joint, two members are placed at right angles, such that they are made to flush on one or two faces by cutting C OGGED JOINT : This joint is formed by two crossed structural timber members, each of which is notched at the place where they cross.

14. ANGLE OR CORNER JOINT These joints are made to connect the ends and edges of members. Angle joints are secured by nailing and glue is also used in these joints. Box joint Corner joint with corner mould Single loose tongue and double tongue joint Examples of Tongued and Grooved Corner Joints Box JOINT : This joint is made by cutting a set of complementary, interlocking profiles in two pieces of wood, which are then joined at right angles, usually glued. TONGUE AND GROOVE :

15. DOVE TAIL JOINT Similar to box joint, the pin & slot combination in the shape of dovetail gives great strength and aesthetics but it requires good precision during the construction. The pins are glued into the slot. These joints are most commonly found on the front of drawers or boxes such as wooden tool box because of its strength and attractive look Dovetail joint Drawer using dovetail joint toolbox using dovetail joint

16. TENON AND MORTISE JOINT The tenon and mortise joint is one of the strongest and most appealing woodwork joints able to be made because of its flush fitting design. This joint consist of a tongue that is secured into a slot and it is used in areas such as table legs. Like the dovetail joint this wood work joint can be difficult to properly construct. Only glue is required and no nails and screws are used. Eg : Used in the legs of the chair

17. ANGLE OR CORNER JOINT

18. OTHER FURNITURE JOINT DADO JOINT Dado is a square cornered recess that runs across the member. It is not made at the edge and is commonly used to hold shelves in the cabinet RABBET JOINT It is similar to Dado joint but is along the edges. Eg: Edges of a cabinet etc.

19. STRENTHENING OF THE JOINT D OWEL: It is mostly used to strengthen butt, mitre and rebated joint. It is also used to join wood members when making or repairing tables, chairs and doors etc. The holes are drilled first before joining the members. The diameter should not be more than one third of the width of the narrowest member. Dowels come in different sizes ¼”, 3/8”, ½” , 5/8” etc. G LUE BLOCKS: Small pieces of quadrant or the length of quadrant are run throughout the length of the joint and glued . It adds to the strength and gives a neat finish on the inside of drawers and boxes. A NGLE BRACE S: T h e s e a re glued and screwed or nailed.

20. TYPES OF HINGES B UTT HINGE: It is most common type of hinge used on wooden internal and external doors, casement windows, cupboards and other furniture. F LUSH HINGE: These are designed to do what the name suggests which is sit flush and they do not require a recess to be cut. Best application areas are small cupboard doors. T EE HINGE: It is generally used where the door width is more. The longer arm is fitted to the door and the narrow part to the jamb. They offer less security as the fixing screws are exposed. C ONCEALED HINGE: It is used in cupboard doors so that they are not externally visible.

21. R ISING BUTT HINGE: It is used in the interior doors so that when the door is opened , it rises sufficiently to clear thickness of the carpet. Another advantage of the is that it is self closing. P IVOT HINGE: It is used at the top and bottom of the wardrobe doors. P IANO HINGE: These hinges come in a range of lengths but are the largest type of its kind. These hinges gives good support along the whole edge and are very strong. B ARREL HINGE: It comes in two parts. The threaded part of the hinge is screwed into the pre-drilled hole. They are easy to fit.

22. F URNIT U RE D ETAILS

23. C H A IR

24. C H A IR

25. C H A IR A Plan

26. C H A IR B C Detail B Detail C

27. C H A IR D E Detail D Detail E

28. T ABLE A Detail A _ Various options

29. T ABLE

30. T ABLE

31. B ED

32. B ED_ HEADBOARD DETAILS

33. B ED_ HEADBOARD DETAILS

34. B ED

35. B ED_ MATTRESS SUPPORT

36. B OOK SHELVES

37. B OOK SHELVES Dado Strength: Good Rab b eted Dado Strength: Good Biscuits Strength: Fair Sliding Dovetail Strength: Excellent Screwed cleats Strength: Very good Shelf pins Strength: Good

38. 3 D R AWERS 1 2 3 2 1

39. D R AWERS

40. D RAWERS_ front corner joint

41. D RAWERS_ rear corner joint

42. D RAWERS_ bottom detail

43. D R AWERS

44. O ther materials Wrought iron bed Plywood bed

45. UPHOLSTERY

46. T YPES OF FINISHES

47. STAINS T here are many different types of timber stains such as varnish or shellac and they are made for interior or exterior use. These finishes usually darken the timber but bring out the grain. V ARNISH : The more common forms of wood finishes are varnishes. They can be transparent or colored . Varnish is made up of oil, solvent and resin. It’s a hard, durable and protective finish. It can be directly applied with the help of brush or cotton cloth. S HELLAC : Shellac is a natural wax secreted by a bug. A mixture of the collected wax with alcohol as a solvent is used on wood. Not recommended for wood exposed to moisture.

48. WAX W axes are an easy finish to apply and maintain because they are generally rubbed onto the timber with a special cloth or brushed on and they also give the timber a natural shine and appearance. They also don’t have to be the only finish applied to the timber. They can also be applied after a stain has been used. Waxes are available in liquid or solid form. Wax used for wood are available from various vegetable, mineral and animal sources.

49. OIL O il wood finishes improve the appearance of unfinished wood. The natural oils present in the wood dries out as time passes. Oil finishes replace the natural oil and enhance the natural grain. These finishes are similar to wax finishes only they are generally thinner so bare timber can absorb it easier than they can absorb wax. This finish is rubbed or brushed onto he timber like a wax. They don’t overlap marks and they also bring out the timbers natural shine.

50. POLYURETHANE P olyurethane finishes are usually intended as an after coat once a stain has been applied. They are the clearest type of finish and they are lighter and thinner than most stains so more than one coat needs to be applied. It is very hard and durable that forms a solid layer of plastic on the wooden surface. These coatings can be either brushed or sprayed. Like any other wood stains and finishes this is one that will need to be maintained and reapplied over time due to normal wear and tear such as what a piece of furniture may receive over a few years.

51. LAMINATES L aminates are manufactured by soaking strips of paper in resin. There maybe 7-18 layers of paper combined into the final sheet. The bottom layers are kraft paper. The paper for the top layer of the sheet is translucent and in between kraft paper and top layer is the decorative sheet which is colored or with design. All the layers are run through melamine tub or vat. The resin soaked sheets are than put into drying chamber and than later loaded onto a flat bed hydraulic press for final curing where it is compresses at high temperature. These laminates are widely used as a finishing material due to it long lasting and waterproof nature. They don’t require any maintenance like wood finishes and are available in various designs and colors .

52. VENEER Process is similar to making of plywood with the top ply of expensive wood. They are more economical option as compared to solid wood. They are used as finishing material in place of laminates where natural wooden look is to be achieved. Similar to wooden finishes, veneer has to polished and requires maintenance.

53. T hanking Y ou