Future prospects of nanotechnology

prospect of nanotechnology

1. Presentation future prospects of nanobiotechnology

2. Group members Sana Sarver Khushbakht Mishal Ejaz

3. future prospects of nanobiotechnology It could create and suggest implementation of a choice of various new materials and devices potentially useful in the field of medicine, electronics, biomaterials and energy production. ... Two types of medical applications are already emerging, both in clinical diagnosis and in R&D. In the future , nanotechnology could also enable objects to harvest energy from their environment. New nano-materials and concepts are currently being developed that show potential for producing energy from movement, light, variations in temperature, glucose and other sources with high conversion efficiency.

4. Applications of nanobiotechnology in medical and clinical fields A number of clinical applications of nanobiotechnology , such as disease diagnosis, target-specific drug delivery, and molecular imaging are being laboriously investigated at present. Some new promising products are also undergoing clinical trials Such advanced applications of this approach to biological systems will undoubtedly transform the foundations of diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of disease in future.

5. Diagnostic applications Nucleic acid diagnostics will play a crucial role in that process, as they allow the detection of pathogens and diseases/diseased cells at such an early symptomless stage of disease progression that effective treatment is more feasible. Current technology, such as- polymerase chain reaction (PCR) leads toward such tests and devices, but nanotechnology is expanding the options currently available, which will result in greater sensitivity and far better efficiency and economy.

6. Detection Tests are performed by conjugating the antibodies with inorganic/organic dyes and visualizing the signals within the samples through fluorescence microscopy or electronic microscopy. However, dyes often limit the specificity and practicality of the detection methods. Nanobiotechnology offers a solution by using semiconductor nanocrystals (also referred to as "quantum dots"). These minuscule probes can withstand significantly more cycles of excitations and light emissions than typical organic molecules, which more readily decompose 

7. Individual target probes Nanosphere ( Northbrook , Illinois) is one of the companies that developed techniques that allow/allowing doctors to optically detect the genetic compositions of biological specimens. Nano gold particles studded with short segments of DNA form the basis of the easy-to-read test for the presence of any given genetic sequence. If the sequence of interest in the samples, it binds to complementary DNA tentacles on multiple nanospheres and forms a dense web of visible gold balls. This technology allows/facilitates the detection of pathogenic organisms and has shown promising results in the detection of anthrax, giving much higher sensitivity than tests that are currently being used

8. Protein chips Proteins play the central role in establishing the biological phenotype of organisms in healthy and diseased states and are more indicative of functionality. Hence, proteomics is important in disease diagnostics and pharmaceutics, where drugs can be developed to alter signaling pathways. Protein chips can be treated with chemical groups, or small modular protein components, that can specifically bind to proteins containing a certain structural or biochemical motif

9. Sparse cell detection Sparse cells are both rare and physiologically distinct from their surrounding cells in normal physiological conditions (e.g. cancer cells, lymphocytes, fetal cells and HIV-infected T cells). They are significant in the detection and diagnosis of various genetic defects. However, it is a challenge to identify and subsequently isolate these sparse cells. Nanobiotechnology presents new opportunities for advancement in this area. Scientists developed nanosystems capable of effectively sorting sparse cells from blood and other tissues. For example, by inserting electrodes into microchannels , cells can be precisely sorted based on surface charge. They can also be sorted by using biocompatible surfaces with precise nanopores . The nano-biotechnology center at Cornell University (NBTC) is currently using these technologies to develop powerful diagnostic tools for the isolation and diagnosis of various diseases

10. Nanotechnology as a tool in imaging Intracellular imaging can be made possible through labelling of target molecules with quantum dots ( QDs ) or synthetic chomophores , such as fluorescent proteins that will facilitate direct investigation of intracellular signalling complex by optical techniques, i. e. confocal fluorescence microscopy or correlation imaging

11. Therapeutic applications: Drug delivery Gene delivery Liposomes Surfaces Bio molecular engineering Bio pharmaceutical Nanotechnology in cardiac therapy Nanotechnology in dental care Nanotechnology in orthopedic applicants

12. Applications of nanobiotechnology in agriculture: nanotechnology have its relevance in numerous fields of science out of them few are in agriculture technology. crop improvement (genetic modified crops) seed technology precision farming (site specific management) nano-fertilizer for balance crop nutrition plant disease diagnose weed management, water management biosensors pest management

13. Plant disease diagnose: Nanoparticles such as gold nanoparticles, magnetic nanoparticles and quantum dots, are most widely used for molecular detection. DNA Nano barcoding for pathogen detection (Plant such as (TMV and CTV) and human viruses such as Ebola and SARS Monitoring of bacterial systems Can be used as a nano-sensor to detect water levels, soil nutrient information, and chemical levels

14. Nanofertilizers Nanofertilizers are made by manipulating nutrients and minerals on a molecular level, typically amounts of mineral that are smaller than 100 nanometres (1mm = 1,000,000nm). nanofertilizers will revolutionise the agrichemical industry . Given the huge amount of wasted fertilizer products , the impact on the environment, and rocketing food prices, then even small improvements in fertilizer technology will be beneficial.

15. Precision farming: Precision farming has been a long-desired goal to applying input as per demand of the crop that maximize output (i.e. crop yields) while minimizing input (i.e. fertilizers, pesticides, herbicides etc.). Precision farming makes use of computers, global satellite positioning systems (GPS), geological information systems (GIS) and remote sensing devices to measure highly localized environmental conditions thus determining whether crops are growing at maximum efficiency or precisely identifying the nature. Precision farming can also help to recycle agricultural waste and thus keep environmental pollution at minimum extent.

16. Crop improvement: Nanofertilizers and nanopesticides are used to improve the crops. nanofertilizers and nanopesticides trail products and nutrients levels to increase the productivity without decontamination of soil, water and protection against various biotic and abiotic stresses. The purpose of nano materials in agriculture is to reduce the amount of spread chemicals, minimize nutrient losses in fertilization and increased yield through pest and nutrient management. Nanotechnology may act as sensors for monitoring soil quality of agricultural field and thus it maintain the health of crops.

17. Nanosensors : Nanotechnology is also being developed to increase soil fertility and crop production. Nano sensors could also monitor crop health and magnetic nanoparticles could facilitate removal of soil contaminants (Hg, Pb and Zn). “Lab on a chip” technology also could have significant impacts on developing countries.

18. NANOTECHNOLOGY FOR FLEXIBLE ELECTRONICS Stretchable electronics or flexible electronics is likely to be the future of mobile electronics. Potential applications include wearable electronic devices, biomedical uses, compact portable devices, and robotic devices In the future, it is likely that graphene will become a dominant material in flexible electronics. Graphene is nothing but an allotrope of carbon that has superb electrical conductivity, flexibility, and physical strength

19. Nanotechnology for wireless devices Visions of the wireless industry aims at ambient intelligence: computation and communication always available and ready to serve the user in an intelligent way. All these requirements combined lead to a situation which cannot be resolved with current technologies. Nanotechnology could provide solutions for these new technologies. SENSORS- Micromechanical sensors became an elementary part of automotive technologies in mid 1990, Within next ten years the development of truly embedded sensors based on nanostructures will become a part of our everyday intelligent environments. Nanotechnologies will enable new materials and new sensing elements for sensors. Nanosensors will have applications in many industries, among them transportation, communications, building and facilities, safety, and national security, including both homeland defense and military operations.

20. Nanotechnology for wireless devices MORE MEMORY- Already today mobile phones require a considerable amount of storage capacity to retain pictures, video, music, and data from a number of different applications. mobile phones will require up to 10 GB internal mass memory for short term and 50- 100GB for mid and long terms. Today flash memory is dominant and has been most reliable for portable devices. But it is predicted that in near future nanotechnology will help increasing the memory storage capacity to a phenomenal level by inventions like atomic holographic optical storage nanotechnology memory, etc where terabytes and petabytes of data could be stored. MORE POSSIBILITIES WITH NEW MATERIALS- The wish to have transformable devices (easy to carry and use) leads the way from foldable, sliding, and bendable devices towards more wearable electronics. A major challenge is however, how to protect the core electronics and achieve good reliability, i.e., “washable electronics”. Nanotech research has already resulted in, e.g., super-tough carbon nanotube fibres suitable weaving , and coatings with anti-microbial or super hydrophobic properties , but still much more is expected to be seen in near future.

21. Nanotechnology for molecular devices   Reducing size of electronics is the need of era and this can be achieved with the help of molecules that can be used in active devices. These molecules behave as diodes or programmable switches that make connections between wires and consume less current. Thousands of molecules can be sandwiched between two crossing micro-scale wires to create an active devices. Since molecular devices fit between the wires, large area savings could be achieved.

22. Conclusion  Nano-electronics show promise as a technology to continue the miniaturization of ICs. Flexibility is also a major breakthrough in the world of electronics, which will enable a new paradigm in design and functionality for the devices which our modern lives depend upon. Flexible devices have already begun to make their way into the commercial realm, and the next few years are bound to see huge changes brought on by this additional dimension which is now available to electronics manufacturers. Nanotechnologies also promise a future in development and enhancement of mobile devices and wearable devices.

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