Gallstone_Disease_Cholelithiasis.pptxh sja

G allstone_Disease_Cholelithiasis.pptx

1. Gallstone Disease: Cholelithiasis Overview, Diagnosis, and Treatment

2. Introduction - Cholelithiasis refers to the presence of gallstones in the gallbladder. - Epidemiology: More common in females, people over 40 years old, and individuals with obesity or metabolic syndrome. - Types of Gallstones: • Cholesterol stones (most common). • Pigment stones (black or brown).

3. Clinical Signs and Symptoms - Asymptomatic: Many patients remain asymptomatic. - Symptomatic (Biliary Colic): • Pain: Right upper quadrant or epigastric pain, radiates to the back or right shoulder, often occurs after fatty meals. • Nausea and Vomiting. • Jaundice (if bile duct obstruction occurs). • Fever and Chills (in cases of infection, e.g., cholecystitis).

4. Diagnostic Methods Laboratory Tests: - Liver function tests (LFTs): Elevated bilirubin, ALT, AST, and ALP. - Complete blood count (CBC): Increased WBC count in infection. - Pancreatic enzymes (amylase, lipase): To rule out pancreatitis. Instrumental Diagnosis: - Ultrasound (USG): First-line imaging; detects stones, sludge, and wall thickening. - MRCP: For bile duct stones. - Endoscopic Ultrasound (EUS): High sensitivity for small stones. - HIDA Scan: Assesses gallbladder function. - CT Scan: Detects complications like perforation.

5. Treatment Overview Conservative Treatment: - Medications: Ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) to dissolve cholesterol stones (limited efficacy). - Dietary Changes: Low-fat diet to reduce symptoms. - Observation: For asymptomatic patients. Surgical Treatment: - Cholecystectomy: • Laparoscopic cholecystectomy: Gold standard. • Open cholecystectomy: For complicated cases. - ERCP: For removing bile duct stones.

6. Complications of Untreated Gallstones - Acute cholecystitis. - Choledocholithiasis (stones in bile ducts). - Pancreatitis. - Gallbladder cancer (rare but serious).

7. Conclusion - Gallstone disease is common but treatable. - Early diagnosis and appropriate management are key. - Surgical removal is the definitive treatment for symptomatic cases.

8. References - Medical textbooks and clinical guidelines. - Reliable journals and articles on gallstone disease. - Imaging and diagnostic studies on cholelithiasis.