GARLIC.pptx an important bulbous spice and medicinal crop widely grown around the world

Garlic (Allium sativum L.) is an important bulbous spice and medicinal crop widely grown around the world. It belongs to the Amaryllidaceae family and is valued for its strong flavor and numerous health benefits. Garlic is cultivated primarily for its bulbs, which consist of multiple cloves covered in a papery sheath.

1. PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY OF GARLIC

2. GARLIC (lehsan) Botanical Name :- Allium  sativum Family :- Alliaceae Origin :- Central Asia and North Eastern Iran

3. Used  as Spice and condiments throughout the world. Garlic has excellent nutritional value rich source of protein, phosphorus, potassium, calcium and carbohydrate Ascorbic Acid (vitamin c) for the growth and repair of tissues in all parts of your body Garlic promotes the wellbeing of the heart, immune systems with antioxidant properties It regulate blood sugar in Diabetic patient Helps to maintain healthy blood circulation.

4. VARIETIES: Narc- G1 JS-1 MJ-84 Garlic pink NS-756 China white Iranian/Italian

5. PROPAGATION :- Grown in  October – November Garlic is propagated by cloves. Seed Rate: 200–400 kg/acre depending on variety Row-to-row 15–20 cm and plant-to-plant 7–10 cm Dibbling or Furrow planting.

6. SOIL & CLIMATE :- Wide   range of climatic conditions. Cannot stand too hot or too cold weather. Prefers moderate temperature in summer as well as in winter. Optimum temperature for bulb formation : 25-30 C Well   drained, fertile soils suited. Soil pH between 6 to 7. Soil should be well tilled to provide a loose growing bed for bulb development.

7. MANURES &  FERTILISERS :- Well-decomposed FYM (10–15 t/acre) as a basal dose. Nutrient Recommended Dose (kg/acre) Common Fertilizer Source Application Timing Nitrogen (N) 40–50 kg N/acre Urea (46% N) → about 90–110 kg urea/acre Split in 2–3 equal doses — ½ at planting, ¼ after 30–40 days, ¼ at bulb formation stage Phosphorus (P₂O₅) 25–30 kg P₂O₅/acre DAP (46% P₂O₅) → about 55–65 kg DAP/acre Apply full dose at planting time Potassium (K₂O) 25–30 kg K₂O/acre MOP (60% K₂O) → about 40–50 kg MOP/acre Apply full dose at planting time

8. Fertilizer Schedule Summary Stage Fertilizer Type Dose & Purpose At planting FYM + full DAP + full MOP + ½ Urea Root establishment & early vegetative growth 30–40 days after planting ¼ Urea Supports leaf growth At bulb initiation (80–90 days after planting) ¼ Urea Enhances bulb development and size

9. Irrigation :- Irrigating the crop depends on soil moisture holding capacity and climatic conditions. Garlic needs regular moisture in vegetative phase but avoid waterlogging. Subsequent irrigations should be given after every 10 to 12 days. After maturing the bulbs, irrigations should be reduced.

10. Intercultural Practices in Garlic Cultivation:- First weeding should be carried out with hand hoe 1 month after sowing. Second weeding should be given 1 month after first weeding. For good quality bulbs, it requires hoeing (loosening the soil) just before the formation of bulbs. Pendimethalin @ 3.5 litres or Goal @ 0.25 kg/ha + 1 

11. HARVESTING:- Ready in  4 to 5 months When leaves start turning yellowish or brownish and show signs of drying. Plants are pulled out and tied into small bundles Keep them in field for 2-3 days. YIELD:- Local varieties 3,000–4,500 kg/acre fresh (3–4.5 tons). G1 variety 5,000–7,000+ kg/acre fresh (5-7 tons

12. Input / Activity Unit / Rate Estimated Cost (Rs) Land preparation (ploughing, leveling, ridging) Lump sum 12,000 Farmyard manure (FYM) (10 tons @ Rs 1,000/ton) 10 tons 10,000 Seed (Desi cloves) 250 kg × Rs 350/kg 87,500 DAP (55 kg @ Rs 270/kg) 55 kg 14,850 Urea (100 kg @ Rs 190/kg) 100 kg 19,000 MOP (45 kg @ Rs 220/kg) 45 kg 9,900 Micronutrients / Gypsum / Zinc Lump sum 3,000 Irrigation (10–12 times @ Rs 1,200 each) Lump sum 12,000 Weeding, interculture & hoeing (2–3 operations) Lump sum 8,000 Plant protection (pesticides/fungicides) Lump sum 5,000 Harvesting & curing Labor 8,000 Packing & transport to market Lump sum 5,000 Miscellaneous / unforeseen — 3,000 Total Cost / Acre Rs 197,250 ≈ 0.20 million Expected Yield 3,500 kg/acre Market Price (avg) Rs 250/kg Gross Income 3,500 × 250 = Rs 875,000 Net Profit 875,000 − 197,250 = Rs 677,750 Benefit–Cost Ratio (B:C) 875,000 ÷ 197,250 = ≈ 4.4 : 1

13. Cost Components Details / Rate Estimated Cost (Rs) Field Operations (land prep, ridging, weeding, interculture) — 25,000 Seed (Desi cloves) 250 kg × Rs 350/kg 87,500 Fertilizers (FYM + Urea + DAP + MOP + Micronutrients) Combined 35,000 Irrigation (10–12 times) — 12,000 Plant Protection (pesticides, fungicides) — 5,000 Labor (planting, harvesting, curing, packaging) Combined 15,000 Transport / Marketing / Miscellaneous — 5,000 ➡️ Total Cost / Acre Rs 184,500 (≈ 0.18 million) Expected Yield 3,500 kg/acre Market Price (avg) Rs 250/kg Gross Income 3,500 × 250 = Rs 875,000 Net Profit 875,000 − 184,500 = Rs 690,500 Benefit–Cost Ratio (B:C) 875,000 ÷ 184,500 = ≈ 4.7 : 1

14.   Important Pests- Thrips- Thrips cause withering of leaves. Controlled by spraying Methyl demeton 25 EC 1 ml/lit. ( Emulsifiable Concentrate  (EC) An oil-based formulation containing active ingredients ) Nematode- Controlled by the application of Carbofuran 3 G 1 kg a.i. /ha 30 days after planting.

15. DISEASE:- Downy M ildew : fungus (Symptoms Pale spots or elongated patches on leaves; gray-purple fuzzy growth on leaf surface) Disease emergence favored by cool temperatures and leaf wetness Purple blotch  Fungus (Symptoms Small water-soaked lesions on leaves or stalk with white centers and brown to purple in color with red or purple margin surrounded by yellow zone Disease emergence favored by wet foliage, high humidity

16. Rust Puccinia: Fungus  (Symptoms Small white flecks on leaves and stems which develop into circular severe infestations can cause leaves to yellow and die Favors high humidity but low rainfall; spores can be transported over long distances by wind Mosaic Garlic :( mosaic virus) (Symptoms Mosaic patterns on leaves chlorotic mottling or streaks on leaves; stunted plant growth and reduced bulb size