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1. A CASE STUDY OF FAILURE OF BUILDING CAUSED BY UNSTABLE SOIL OF ATANU VILLAGE IN NIGERIA

2. A CASE STUDY OF FAILURE OF BUILDING CAUSED BY UNSTABLE SOIL OF ATANU VILLAGE IN NIGERIA Sumitted by: Meet Ramjiyani 110 Prasad Sakha 111 Aditya Sawant 113 Vivek 124

3. INTRODUCTION The issue of building failures and collapses in Atani Community, Anambra State, Nigeria, with a focus on the role of soil as a probable cause of these failures. Key points include: Building Failures in Atani Community: Many houses in Atani Community have suffered from significant structural problems, such as large cracks and collapses, over time. Study Objective: The primary goal of the study is to investigate the causes of these building failures, with a specific emphasis on soil-related factors. Challenges with Expansive Soil: Expansive soils are discussed as problematic due to their tendency to heave during high moisture periods and shrink during dry spells, potentially leading to uneven settlement and building failure.

4. INTRODUCTION Cohesive soil : Cohesive soil is a type of soil that sticks together. It's made up of fine-grained particles that aggregate or clump together. Cohesive soils are soft and can hold a large amount of moisture. When they dry, they become almost cement-like in hardness. It includes Silts, Clays, Clayey silt, Sandy clay, Silty clay, Organic clay. Cohesive soil is soft and can hold a lot of moisture. It can be difficult to excavate and handle. When saturated with water, cohesive soils can lose their strength and become unstable. Many factors could be responsible for building failure: foundation, soil and building materials. Building failure arising from foundation problems include poor workmanship, wrong interpretation of building design, inadequate supervision, nonadherence to ethical standards, poor maintenance culture, greed, use of plan approved for bungalow or two- storey building for the construction of multi- storey buildings

5. Soil Classification Categories: Soils are categorized as very low, low, medium, high, or very high in terms of their potential for expansion based on their plasticity index. In summary, the passage highlights the pressing issue of building failures in Atani Community and Nigeria at large, underlining the significance of proper soil investigation and foundation design to mitigate these failures, particularly in areas with challenging soil conditions like expansively or compressible soils. Building safety and stability hinge on addressing soil-related factors during the construction process.

6. MATERIALS AND METHODS The soil samples used for the tests in this study were 150m apart. In each direction, five pits (0.9-1.0m depth). The following tests were conducted on the soil samples based on British Standards: Soil Grading (BS 1377-2, 1990), Moisture content (BS 812-109, 1990), Compaction (BS 1377-4, 1990), Atterberg limits (BS 1377-2, 1990) and Tri-axial test (BS 1377-7, 1990).

7. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION A soil with an appreciable quantity of fine particles, since it is only silt and clay constituents that can pass through this sieves size. The soil is well – graded gravel (G).

8. CONCLUSION This clay material which has much affinity for water and cohesive in nature, has low permeability with ability to exhibit shears under loads. This could be the cause of conspicuous cracks, sometimes total collapse of structures within the area.

9. POTENTIAL AREAS OF IMPROVEMENT Some potential areas for improvement in addressing the issue of building collapses in Nigeria include: Strengthening Building Codes and Regulations. Enhanced Enforcement and Compliance. Professional Training and Certification. Quality Control and Materials Testing. Public Awareness and Education. Collaboration and Stakeholder Engagement. Research and Development.

10. CONCLUSION The conclusion of the study on building failures in Atanu village, Nigeria is that the frequent building failures in the area are likely caused by the unstable soil. The soil in the area was found to have a significant quantity of clay, which has a high affinity for water and is cohesive in nature. This clay material has low permeability and can exhibit shearing under loads, leading to cracks and even collapse of structures. Therefore, the unstable soil composition is identified as the probable cause of the building failures in Atanu village.

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