Gene bank.pptx

Gene Banks are a type of bio-repository which preserve genetic material.
A collection of seed plants, tissue cultures etc. from potentially useful species , especially species containing genes of significance to the breeding of crops.
Fish genetic material in a 'gene bank' is preserved at -196° Celsius in Liquid Nitrogen as mature seed (dry) or tissue (meristems).
Gene banks exist to conserve the genetic diversity of wild and domesticated organisms that humans depend on for food, fibre, medicine & energy.

1. GENE BANK AND GENE POOL SUB. BY- NARSINGH KASHYAP M.F . SC. 1 st yEAR

2. Content INTRODUCTION TYPES OF GENE BANK FISH GENE BANK PURPOSE OF GENE BANK GENE POOL & TYPES REFERENCE

3. Gene Banks Gene Banks are a type of bio-repository which preserve genetic material. A collection of seed plants, tissue cultures etc. from potentially useful species , especially species containing genes of significance to the breeding of crops. Fish genetic material in a 'gene bank' is preserved at -196° Celsius in Liquid Nitrogen as mature seed (dry) or tissue (meristems). Gene banks exist to conserve the genetic diversity of wild and domesticated organisms that humans depend on for food, fibre, medicine & energy.

4. Types of Gene Banks Seed Bank Tissue Bank Cryo Bank Pollen Bank Field gene Bank Sperm Bank Ova Bank

5. Seed Bank The seed bank preserves dried seeds by storing them at a very low temperature. Spores and pteridophytes are conserved in seed banks but other seedless plants such as tuber crops cannot be preserved this way.

6. Tissue Bank In this technique buds, protocorms and meristematic cells are conserved through particular light and temperature arrangements in a nutrient media. This is used to preserve seedless plants and plants which reproduce asexually.

7. Pollen Bank This is a method in which pollen grains are stored . We can make plants which are facing extinction in the present world using this technique . By this technique we can make plants with one set chromosomes.

8. Field Gene Bank This is a method of planting plants for the conservation of genes. Through this method one can compare the difference among plants of different species in detail. It needs more land, adequate soil, weather etc. Germplasm of important crops are conserved through this method. 42,000 varieties of rice are conserved in the Central Rice Research Institute in Orissa .

9. Sperm bank A sperm bank, semen bank is a facility or enterprise that collects and store Animal sperm donors for use by Female who ,for whatever reason , need donor provided sperm to achieve pregnancy. Sperm donated by the sperm donor is known as donor sperm. And the process for introducing sperm into women is called Artificial insemination. Ova Bank Ova bank or egg cell bank is a facility that collects and store ova primarily from the ova donors .

10. Activities in Gene Bank The main activities in the development and management of a gene bank include: Collecting and Acquisition – assembling the collection Processing – assessing the quantity, viability, health of samples and preparation for storage Storage – in a cold store, laboratory or in the field Regeneration and Multiplication – periodically rejuvenating and increasing the material Characterization and Evaluation Documentation, Inventory – maintaining and making available detailed records on each sample Distribution – of clean, disease-free seeds, or other planting material, to requestors

11. Fish gene banks (Introduction) Fish gene banks are much more recent and have a short history (2-3 decades) compared to plant seed banks and/or livestock insemination centres. The principal mandate of fish gene banks is almost the same for other gene banks focusing on preserving genetic materials especially for organisms under threat or close to extinction and the use of the preserved material –as required- in bringing a species back. Over-fishing, environmental factors (e.g. acid rain, pollution, flood, typhoons), stock enhancement, and fish escapes are among the influencing factors/practices which could threat fishery stocks and may contribute to the degradation of species purity. Domestication, breeding programs, and genetic manipulation are examples of influencing aquaculture practices.

12. Conti. Without having gene banks, it will be difficult to restore the genuine version of threatened organisms. Also, it will not be possible to determine the negative impact resulting from gene introgression and inbreeding .

13. Cryopreserved and live Gene Bank Cryopreserved ( in vitro ) gene banks: Fish sperm has been successfully cryopreserved for many fish species. However, eggs of oysters and clams have been cryopreserved. The adoption of cryopreservation technology is much greater than live gene backs. This is related to its high efficiency, easiness in application and its reduced cost. In these banks, liquid nitrogen (-196°C) is used. During storage the samples should be maintained under liquid nitrogen since storage. Therefore, storage facilities should be fitted with alarms to warn when low levels of liquid nitrogen occur. Live (in vivo) gene banks: The main purpose was to establish a living reservoir of genetic material which could be used for the re-establishment or enhancement of threatened stocks. The preservation of live fish in living gene banks is a measure used for the most seriously threatened salmon stocks that are no longer capable of surviving in their natural habitats before the danger is over.

14. Fish gene banks (Examples) China: Cryopreserved and live gene banks for Chinese carps India: Cryopreserved gene bank for the Indian major carps (catla, rohu, and mrigal ) Malaysia: Cryopreserved gene bank for indigenous fish species of Tor spp., P. jullieni , P. nasutus and H. wetmorei Norway: Cryopreserved and live gene banks for Atlantic salmon Philippines: Live and cryopreserved gene banks for tilapia Russia: Living Gene Banks for the Azov and Black Sea species of sturgeon: Sterlet sturgeon ( Acipenser ruthenus ), and thorn sturgeon ( A cipenser nudiventris ) USA: The gene banking for Columbia River salmon, Colorado River fishes, and Midwestern and Eastern US sturgeon

15. Purpose of Gene Banks It will likely play an essential, complementary role, in germplasm conservation as temporary conservation until ex-situ stands are established as a safety measure against disastrous losses for limited numbers of seed gene bank protect the genetic heredity act as a backup for future generation conserve genetic diversity Gene banks are the storehouses of plant genetic resources, providing the raw material for the improvement of crops

16. FISH GENE BANKS OF INDIA

17. Gene Pool The total number of genes of every individual in an interbreeding population .

18. History The Russian geneticist A. S. Serebrovskii first formulated the concept in the 1920s as genofond (gene fund), This word that was imported to the United States from the Soviet Union by Theodosius Dobzhansky , who translated it into English as “gene pool.”

19. Based on degree of relationship, the gene pool of a crop can be divided into three groups

20. 1. Primary Gene Pool (GP1): Members of this gene pool are in the same "species" (in conventional biological usage) and can intermate freely and leads to production of fertile hybrids. It includes plants of the same species or of closely related species which produce completely fertile offspring’s on inter-mating. In such gene pool, genes can be exchanged between lines simply by making normal crosses. This is also known as gene pool one (GP1).

21. 2. Secondary Gene Pool (GP2): These species are closely related to species of GP1 and can cross to produce fertile or partially fertile hybrids with them. Transfer of gene from such material to primary gene pool is possible but difficult. There is some reproductive barrier between members of the primary and secondary gene pools and leads to: i.Partially sterile, weak Hybrids. ii.Chromosomes may pair poorly or not at all. iii.Recovery of desired phenotypes may be difficult in subsequent generations.

22. 3. Tertiary Gene Pool (GP3): The genetic material which leads to production of sterile hybrids on crossing with primary gene pool is termed as tertiary gene pool or gene pool three (GP3). It includes material which can be crossed with GP1, but the hybrids are sterile. Members of this gene pool are more distantly related to the members of the primary gene pool. Transfer of gene from such material to primary gene pool is possible.

23. The composition of gene pool can change over time through evolution can occur by a variety of mechanisms, a. mutations, b. natural selection, c. genetic drift d. Migration

24. REFERENCE 1.) http://www.nbfgr.res.in/en/page/fish-conservation1 2.) http://fishconsult.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/12/Fish-gene-banks.pdf 3.) T. Dobzhansky (Editors) Evolutionary biology . v. 1- 1967-1992 Springer Science+Business Media New York 4.)

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