General ingredients of Concrete and their components in details.

Details about ingredients of concrete.

1. General, Ingredients of Concrete Subject - Concrete Technology

2. HISTORY OF CEMENT CONCRETE Cement as we know it was first developed by Joseph Aspdin, an enterprising 19th- century British stonemason, who heated a mix of ground limestone and clay in his kitchen stove, then pulverized the concoction into a fine powder. The result was the world's first hydraulic cement: one that hardens when water is added. In, India the South India Industrial Ltd. was first manufactured Portland Cement Near Madras(Chennai) in 1904.

3. WHAT IS CONCRETE? Concrete is a of cement, aggregates, water, and additives. It's the of modern construction, providing strength and stability to structures. The key ingredient, , binds everything together. Aggregates like sand and gravel add strength and durability. Water activates the chemical reaction, while additives enhance specific properties. Together, they create a material that's both functional and visually appealing.

4. CEMENT Cement, the of concrete, is a fine powder made from and . During the hydration process, it undergoes a chemical reaction that binds the aggregates and water, forming a solid mass. This gives concrete its strength and durability. The secret lies in the precise ratio of limestone to clay and the controlled heating process, ensuring the quality and performance of the cement.

5. THE ROLE OF AGGREGATES Aggregates, such as and , play a crucial role in concrete. They provide and to the mixture, making it resistant to compression and tension. The size and shape of aggregates influence the concrete's workability and appearance. From fine sand to coarse gravel, each aggregate contributes to the overall performance and aesthetics of the final product.

6. WATER AND ADDITIVES Water is the in the concrete- making process. It triggers the chemical reaction, allowing cement to bind with aggregates and form a solid mass. Additives, such as and , can enhance specific properties of concrete. They improve workability, increase strength, provide color variations, or even enhance resistance to environmental factors. The right combination of water and additives ensures the desired characteristics of the concrete.

7. ADVANTAGES OF CONCRETE Concrete has higher compressive strength. Concrete posses some tensile strength Concrete can be easily moulded into any desired shape. Concrete has higher fire resistance as compared to steel and timber. Waste materials, i.e. flyash, slag, debris, waste iron can also be used in making concrete. Overall cost of concrete is low as compared to steel and timber. Concrete Precast elements can be manufactured for speedy construction.

8. TYPES OF CEMENT Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) [Grade 33/43/53] Rapid Hardening Cement. Quick Setting Cement. Low Heat Cement. Sulphate Resisting Cement. Masonary Cement. Coloured Cement (White Cement). Waterproof Cement. Expansive Cement. Oil Well Cement.

9. PURPOSES OF USING ADMIX T URES To increase the strength of concrete. To increase the strength of concrete. To improve workability of concrete. To increase durability of concrete. To increase resistance of sulphate attack. To make light weight concrete. To control the alkali- aggregate expansion. To reduce segregation and bleeding of concrete. To control the corrosion of concrete. To make light weight concrete.

10. BOGUE'S COMPOUNDS C3S: Early Strength C2S: Later Strength C3A: Flash Setting C4AF : Does not contribute to strength. MINERAL ADMIXTURES Various mineral admixtures used with cement are: Fly ash. Silica fume. Blast Furnace. Surkhi. Rice husk ash, etc.

11. DESTRUCTIVE, SEMI DESTRUCTIVE AND NON DESTRUCTIVE TESTING In quality control of cement concrete works, testing of hardened concrete plays an important role. The main purpose of testing hardened concrete is to confirm that the concrete used at site has developed desired strength. Planned testing of cement, sand, aggregates, fresh concrete and hardened concrete is helpful in assuring the performance of the concrete with regard to both strength and durability of concrete. There are two type of strength tests which are destructive and non destructive test.

12. DESTRUCTIVE TESTS In case of destructive tests, the concrete specimens (cubes, cylinders, beams, etc.) are loaded till destruction in the laboratory and the strength properties of concrete are determined from the test results. For example, Compression test (2)Tensile strength test • Split cylinder test • Modulus of rupture test (3) Bond strength test

13. NON-DESTRUCTIVE TESTS(NDT) Surface hardness test Rebound Hammer test Ultrasonic pulse velocity test Radioactive methods Nuclear methods Magnetic methods Electrical methods

14. PARTIALLY-DESTRUCTIVE TESTS 1-Pull-out testing Cast-in method(Look-test) Drilled-hole method(CAPO-test) 2-Pull-off test 3-Penetration resistance test

15. T H A N K Y O U