General properties of fungi, algae & protoza

General properties of fungi, algae & protoza

1. General Properties of fungi, algae & Protozoa

2. A. FUNGI General characters of fungi Fungi are the eukaryotic have true nucleus. These are unicellular or multicellular organisms, Most are filamentous. Have cell wall. R eproduce by sexually and asexually . All are achlorophyllous - They lack chlorophyll pigments and are incapable of photosynthesis. All are chemoheterotrophic (chemo- organotrophic ) - They utilize pre-existing organic sources

3. continue…… Saprobic fungi absorb nutrients from nonliving organisms. Parasitic fungi absorb nutrients from the cells of living hosts & can also caused disease . Fungi cause 80% of plant diseases. i.e blights, Mutualistic fungi also absorb nutrients from a host organism, but they reciprocate with functions that benefit their partner in some way.

4. Reproduction Fungi reproduce sexually or asexually, or both, depending upon the species and the environmental conditions. As the name implies, sexual reproduction is the result of the union of two spores. Most fungi reproduce both sexually and asexually. The yeasts reproduce both by spores and by a process known as budding, which is similar to binary fission. The yeast cell forms a small knoblike protrusion, or bud that separates from the mother cell and grows until it reaches full size, at which time the process is repeated.

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6. Disease Caused By Fungi Aspergillosis   : caused by Aspergillus   Blastomycosis :   caused by Blastomyces Candidiasis : caused by Candida albicans Histoplasmosis : caused by Histoplasma

7. B. Algae General characters of fungi Algae Meaning: The term algae has been derived from Latin word “ Alga” which means “ seaweed”. In Greek world “ Phycos ” is used for algae. In 1753 Linnaenus was discovered the Algae. Algae are eukaryotes have (cells organelles). Algae belong to the Kingdom Protista Largely aquatic (both fresh water, marine pond, river, lakes) organisms . They occur in a variety of other habitats: moist stones, soils and wood. Some of them also occur in association with fungi (lichen) and animals.

8. Continue…. They are Autotrophic, prepared their own food in the presence of sun light. They have chlorophyll. Algae are mostly photosynthetic, like plants: Have 4 kinds of photosynthetic pigments Many accessory pigments – blue, red, brown, gold Require moist environments.

9. Continue… Can be microscopic or macroscopic: size ranges from bacteria size to 50 meters long! Lack vascular (conducting) tissues – No xylem or phloem No true roots, stems or leaves Modes of sexual reproduction: Both sexual and asexual

10. Commercial Uses Of Algae Algin – a thickening agent for food processing ( brown algae ) Iodine ( brown algae ) Carrageenan – foods, ice cream, toothpaste ( red algae ) Agar – for growth media used in research ( red algae ) As food – red and brown algae

11. Harmful Algae Excessive growth of algae causes: Closing of water ways, streams and pipes. Makes the water taste bad. Can be toxic for human, animals as well as also for aquatic environment “ Red tides ” caused by dinoflagellates

12. Diseases Caused By Algae amnesic shellfish poisoning – ASP ( domoic acid) Caused by diatom   Pseudo- nitzschia .   Dinoflagellates C iguatera fish poisoning – CFP Gamberidiscus toxicus D iarrhetic shellfish poisoning – DSP   Dinophysis N eurotoxic shellfish poisoning – NSP Gymnodinium breve P aralytic shellfish poisoning – PSP species of  Alexandrium

13. 3. Protozoa General characters of Protozoa Protozoa are eukaryotic microorganisms. T hey are unicellular and microscopic . Have no cell wall. Some genera have cells surrounded by hard shells, while the cells of other genera are enclosed only in a cell membrane. Most protozoa have a single nucleus, but some have both a macronucleus and one or more micronuclei. Protozoa are heterotrophic microorganisms. Protozoa are motile and can move through flagella or cilia.

14. Continue.. They usually lack the capability for photosynthesis, although the genus Euglena is renowned for motility as well as photosynthesis. Although most protozoa reproduce by asexual methods, sexual reproduction has been observed in several species. Habitats : Found in moist in moist areas. Also found a n environment, soil, plants and decaying organic matter. Some species are parasites of human, animals and plants.

15. Continue…. Many protozoal species move independently by one of three types of locomotors organelles: flagella , cilia, and pseudopodia.

16. Reproduction Asexual Binary Fission - one nuclear division gives rise to two daughter cells Budding - outgrowth of a mature cell grows and becomes a new daughter cell.

17. Sexual Conjugation tube is developed in between to opposite cells. Exchanged of genetic materials. Conjugation - cells that have undergone a reduction division fuse, exchange haploid micronuclei , and separate - each gives rise to two daughter cells.

18. Sexual Reproduction

19. C ontinue……. African trypanosomiasis : also known as African sleeping sickness, is caused by parasitic protozoan of the genus  Trypanosoma . Leishmaniasis : Leshmaniases are complex diseases caused by different species of the genus  Leishmania . Toxoplasmosis: Toxoplasmosis is caused by an obligate intracellular protozoan   Toxoplasma gondii . Giardiasis : caused by Giardia

20. END D ate : 7 t h January, 2019, Monday Amjad Khan Afridi