Genetic-Ekuutilkuitoliuoiungineering-2.pptx

Threats to the Validity of an Experimental Research
The validity of an experimental study is more difficult to establish compared to that of any nonexperimental research. An experiment is said to be valid if the threats to its internal validity and external validity have been addressed. Internal validity is attained if the observed changes in the dependent variables are direct effects of the changes done to the independent variables. In contrast, external validity is achieved if the results of an experiment can be generalized or applied to any similar conditions outside the experimental setting. External validity is easier to establish in scientific investigations than in social science researches. The different threats to the internal validity of science research are as follows:
1. Selection. This refers to the selection of subjects in the experimental and the control groups. The subjects in the study groups must have comparable characteristics so that the groups can be considered parallel or comparable. The assignment of subjects to study groups must be done with caution. If the research subjects are animals, these characteristics may include age, sex, and lineage, or pedigree. The source, or breeder, of these subjects must also be considered. If the required number of research subjects is too many that animals from one breeder are not enough, animals from a specific breeder must be equally and randomly distributed to all research groups. If the research subjects are insects, it is best to breed them so that their physical characteristics can be controlled.
2. History. This refers to some events that occur in between measurements of the changes that are observed in the dependent variable and that are not part of the experiment and may affect the dependent variable. An example of these are diseases acquired by the research subjects during the experiment. For instance, if the experiment is about the effectiveness of an insecticide, insect subjects with diseases may cause unfavorable effects on the result of the experiment. One way to address this is to keep the duration of the experiment short enough to generate results. Time frames used in similar studies can be used as reference.
3. Instrumentation. This refers to the accuracy and functionality of the mechanical device in measuring the change in the dependent variable. The device must be the standard instrument used for a particular purpose, and it must be in good and functional condition. If observation is used to detect the changes, there must be an observation guide, which should be valid for the purpose of the study, and the observers must be briefed and trained for consistency of observation.
4. Maturation. This refers to any biological processes or changes that can interfere with the effect of the independent variable on the dependent variable. In between measurements of the changes in the dependent variable, the subjects may have become more mature or perhaps have developed resistance ag

1. GENETIC ENGINEERING How Humans Influence Traits in Organisms

2. WELCOME TO OUR LESSON Today, we'll explore how technology has reshaped the way humans control the inheritance of desired traits in living organisms.

3. LEARNING OBJECTIVES Outline the processes involved in genetic engineering STEM_BIO11/12-IIIa-b-6

4. What are your thoughts about Genetic Engineering?

5. DO YOU KNOW SOME OTHER EXAMPLES OF GMO'S Flvr Svr Tomatoes Bt Corn Golden Rice

6. How do we relate it to genetic engineering Have you notice the cost of food today?

7. GENETIC MODIFICATION/ ENGINNEERING N The direct manipulation of an organism's genes using biotechnology.

8. Observe the illustration

9. DNA Elution - Science method. DNA elution is the process of extracting DNA from homogenized plant or animal tissue samples by washing with a solvent, usually a DNA elution buffer. DNA EXTRACTION

10. GENE SPLICING the process by which the DNA of an organism is cut and a gene, perhaps from another organism, is inserted.

11. RECOMBINANT DNA This method can be used to combine (or splice) DNA from different species or to create genes with new functions. The resulting copies are often referred to as recombinant DNA.

12. IMPACTS ON SOCIETY POSITIVE IMPACTS INCREASED FOOD PRODUCTION: DISEASE TREATMENTS: Genetic modification and advanced breeding techniques have improved agricultural productivity, making crops resistant to pests and diseases, tolerant to adverse environmental conditions, and increasing yield. This has played a vital role in addressing global food security challenges in regions vulnerable to crop failure and food shortages. Genetic technologies have opened up new frontiers in medicine. Gene therapy holds promise for treating genetic disorders by correcting or replacing faulty genes. Biopharmaceuticals, produced using genetically modified organisms, have revolutionized the production of vaccines, insulin, and other critical medical products.

13. IMPACTS ON SOCIETY NEGATIVE IMPACTS ETHICAL CONCERNS: POTENTIAL RISKS: Genetic modification and artificial selection raise ethical concerns regarding issues of consent, equity, and respect for nature. Altering genetic makeup, especially in humans, leads to questions about moral responsibility. GMOs have sparked debates about transparency in labeling and potential health risks. Genetic modifications pose risks like unpredictable environmental impacts and potential genetic changes passed on to future generations, especially in gene therapy. GMOs could also escape and interbreed with wild species, causing unintended consequences.

14. REAL-WORLD APPLICATIONS Insulin Production Using Genetically Modified Bacteria Bt Cotton and Pest Resistance Gene Therapy for Genetic Disorders AquaBounty Salmon Precision Agriculture Genomic Medicine and Personalized Treatments Biofuels from Engineered Microbes Conservation of Endangered Species

15. THANK YOU For your participation & curiosity!