Genetic Engineering is a key for future.

Genetic Engineering, the process of directly modifying DNA to improve or create new traits in plants, animals, and humans. The presentation highlights key techniques such as gene editing (CRISPR), cloning, and recombinant DNA technology, along with their applications in medicine, agriculture, and biotechnology.

1. Genetic engineering Taalai Mambetov 1

2. DNA structure 2

3. What are gene, genetics and heredity? 3

4. Heredity - Heredity refers to the genetic heritage passed from parents to offsprings. Moreover, it is the transmission of traits from one generation to the next - These traits or characteristics can be physical, like eye colors and blood types, or they can also be behavioral. For example, the hygienic behavior of honeybees that drives them to remove sick larvae from the nest is inherited behavior

5. Genetics - These Heredity traits are determined by genes. Genes can either be recessive or dominant and naturally, the dominant gene will be expressed. During reproduction, the genes of biological parents combine to form a new unique individual. This genetic shuffling is what makes every organism different in some way, even compared to the same species. 6

6. Genetic engineering - Is one of the branches of Biology. - Refers to the change of an organism's genes using Biotechnology, resulting in the alteration of an organism characteristics or observable traits. - Some examples of traits that can be modified via Genetic Engineering include height, blood type, eye color, freckles, or increased resistance to harmful envirnonmental conditions. 7

7. Genetic engineering 2023 Pitch Deck 8

8. The 6 Genetic Engineering Processes 1. Restriction Enzymes - Cutting of DNA strands into fragments. Uses: in creating DNA fragments that can be joined together to form new DNA. 2023 Pitch Deck 9

9. The 6 Genetic Engineering Processes 2. Recombinant DNA Technology - Combination of a DNA fragment with the DNA from another source (also called exogenous DNA) 2023 Pitch Deck 10 Note: A plasmid is a small circular DNA molecule. They carry genes for replicating their DNA, transferring themselves from one host cell to another, and for a variety of phenotypes

10. The 6 Genetic Engineering Processes 3. Gel Electrophoresis - Seperates DNA fragments by size. Electrophoresis involves running a current through a gel containing the molecules of interest. Uses: To study DNA fragments of various sizes. 2023 Pitch Deck 11

11. The 6 Genetic Engineering Processes 4. Gene Cloning - Production of the large numbers of identical recombinant DNA molecules. Uses: To create large amounts of Recombinant DNA to be used in Genetically Engineered Organisms. 2023 Pitch Deck 12

12. The 6 Genetic Engineering Processes 5. DNA Sequencing - DNA sequencing refers to the general laboratory technique for determining the exact sequence of nucleotides, or bases, in a DNA molecule. Uses: To identify errors and to compare an organisms DNA with others. 2023 Pitch Deck 13

13. The 6 Genetic Engineering Processes 6. Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) - The polymerase chain reaction is a method widely used to make millions to billions of copies of a specific DNA sample rapidly, allowing scientists to amplify a very small sample of DNA sufficiently to enable detailed study. 2023 Pitch Deck 14

14. The 6 Genetic Engineering Processes 2023 Pitch Deck 15

15. Genetic Engineering steps for any organism to be modified: 2023 Pitch Deck 18 1. Identification of any organism with desirable genes. 2. Extraction of the entire DNA 3. Removal of a specific gene from the rest of the DNA 4. Insertion of new gene to an existing organism's DNA with the use of plasmid, which is a circular piece that contains the genetic material.

16. Different types of genetic engineering 2023 Pitch Deck 19 1. Plant Genetic Modification Genetically heterogeneous population of plants is inspected, and "superior" individuals or plants with the most desirable traits are like imrpoved yield, are selected for continued propigation. Examples: - Production of pest-resistant plants - Increase of crop production

17. Different types of genetic engineering 2023 Pitch Deck 20 2. Animal Genetic Modification Assisted reproductive technologies; use of naturally occuring hormones, such as recombinants, and biotechnology to enhance reproductive efficiency without affecting the genome; and biotechnology to enhance expression of desirable genes. Examples: - Increase of milk production of cow - Double production of eggs in chickens

18. Different types of genetic engineering 2023 Pitch Deck 21 3. Genetic Modification of Microbes - Micro-organisms are used to produce food, wine, bread, and cheese are common examples of ancient foods. Examples: * Increase microbe-dependent-food production * Increase human immunity/resistance to microbe-caused-diseases.

19. Applications of Genetic Engineering • In agriculture, to create genetically-modified crops that can be resistant to pests. • In medicine, it has been used to mass-produce insulin, human growth hormones, Follistim (for treating infertility), human albumin, monoclonal antibodies, antihemophilic factors, vaccines, and many other drugs. • In research, organisms are genetically engineered to discover the functions of certain genes. 2023 Pitch Deck 22

20. Scientists recently identified a gene responsible for the poison in the tail of the scorpion and began to look for ways to introduce it into cabbage. 2023 Pitch Deck 28

21. Genetically modified salmon of the company "AquaBounty" grows twice as fast as the usual fish of this species. 2023 Pitch Deck 30

22. Dangers of genetic engineering: 2023 Pitch Deck 34

23. Summary •Genetic engineering​is the process of​ artificially altering genes​in a cell to change the way it works. This could be to make the cell perform a​ desired function​, such as making a specific protein, or to make the cell ​resistant ​to different factors. 2023 Pitch Deck 35 • It is seen all around us, from our agriculture and medicine, to scientific innovations, inventions, and discoveries. Genetic Engineering has proven to have a wide variety of applications to fields that affect not only those in the fields of science and biology, but every living person on this planet.

24. THANK YOU! 2023 Pitch Deck 36