Genetic Engineering presentation medical physiology

Ppt

1. Gene Cloning AIPAS

2. Each DNA has a pattern CODONS (amino acids) Arranged into particular sequence protein AIPAS

3. Is the process in which fragments of DNA from one or more different microorganism are combined to form rDNA (recombinant DNA) and are made to function within the cell of a host organism. 2 highly significant techniques: Gene transfer transferring the gene from one source to another subject. Gene therapy Correcting defective gene that are responsible for disease development. AIPAS

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5. Plasmid - A circular form of DNA often used as a vector i n genetic engineering. Vector – an organism/ chemical that is used to transport a gene to the host cell. Host cell – the cell into where the new gene is transplanted Enzymes used: Endonucleases – enzymes that cut DNA molecule at some given location Exonucleases – enzyme that removes one nitrogen base unit at a time Ligases – enzyme that join two DNA segments together AIPAS

6. Restriction Endonuclease AIPAS

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43. 43 AIPAS A  human artificial chromosome  (HAC) is a microchromosome that can act as a new  chromosome  in a population of  human  cells . Instead of 46 chromosomes, the cell could have 47 with the 47th being very small, roughly 6–10  megabases  (Mb) in size instead of 50–250 Mb for natural chromosomes, and able to carry new genes introduced by human researchers. Ideally, researchers could integrate different genes that perform a variety of functions, including disease defense. Alternative methods of creating transgenes, such as utilizing yeast artificial chromosomes and bacterial artificial chromosomes, lead to unpredictable problems. The genetic material introduced by these vectors not only leads to different expression levels, but the inserts also disrupt the original genome. HACs differ in this regard, as they are entirely separate chromosomes. This separation from existing genetic material assumes that no insertional mutants would arise.This stability and accuracy makes HACs preferable to other methods such as viral vectors, YACs, and BACs.HACs allow for delivery of more DNA (including promoters and copy-number variation) than is possible with viral vectors. HACs are useful in expression studies as gene transfer vectors, as a tool for elucidating human chromosome function, and as a method for actively annotating the human genome.

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45. Produced by “Genetech”, first genetic engineering company, founded by Robert Swanson and Herbert Boyer. Obtains a copy of insulin gene (can be from natural source or manufactured) Inserting the insulin gene into the vector (using the gene splicing process) The hybrid plasmid can now be inserted to the host cell. ( this is the manufactured insulin that is injected to diabetic patients) AIPAS

46.  Human growth hormone For children whose growth is insufficient bc of genetic problems Interleukin-2 For treatment of cancer Factor VIII Needed by hemophiliacs for blood clotting Erythropoietin For treatment of anemia Tumor necrosis factor For treatment of tumors Tissue plasminogen activator Use to dissolve blood clots AIPAS

47. A normal gene inserted to compensate for the defective gene. Abnormal gene replaced with a normal one Abnormal gene repaired through selective reverse mutation Change the regulation of gene pairs. AIPAS

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49. A vector delivers the therapeutic gene into a patient’s target cell The target cells become infected with the viral vector The vector’s genetic material is inserted into the target cell Functional proteins are created from the therapeutic gene causing the cell to return to a normal state. AIPAS

50. The first gene therapy was performed on September 14 th 1990 Ashanti DeSilva was treated for SCID Doctors removed her white blood cells, inserted the missing gene into the WBC and then put them back into her blood stream It strengthened her immune system, but it only worked for a few months AIPAS