GEOBOTONICAL GUIDES FOR ORE

THE PRESENCE AND VARIETY OF A PARTICULAR PLANTS
SPECIES IN THE AREA OF MINERALISATION HAVE BEEN RECOGNISED AS A GUIDE TO LOCATING ORE, METHOD,UNIVERSAL INDICATORS , UNIVERSAL INDICATOR ,LOCAL INDICATOR

1. BOTONICAL GUIDES SK PATRE

2. THE PRESENCE AND VARIETY OF A PARTICULAR PLANTS SPECIES IN THE AREA OF MINERALISATION HAVE BEEN RECOGNISED AS A GUIDE TO LOCATING ORE .

3. PRINCIPLE: The growth and distribution of a particular plant in a given area are known to be influenced by sub-surface geology. Geo botanical survey involves a visual study of the nature and distributions of the vegetative cover, plant distribution, the presence of indicator plants , mutational or morphological changes in the species introduced by mineral enrichment, etc.

4. The mapping technique in geobotanical surveys is as follows Plots of 5 sq.km are chosen and the plants species found in them , their growth, density of growth, new species rare species, etc are marked out. METHOD:

5. A species which shows special affinity to the area is chosen by the process of progressive elimination. The association of these species with any known mineral occurrence in the area is established if such correlation exists . This correlation can be used for searching adjacent larger areas.

6. TRACKING OF INDICATOR PLANTS IS MORE USEFUL IN GEOBOTANICAL EXPLORATION

7. UNIVERSAL LOCAL INDICATOR INDICATOR INDICATORS

8. UNIVERSAL INDICATORS : UNIVERSAL INDICATORS GROW ONLY IN A MINERALISED TERRAIN AND ARE SEEN THE WORLD OVER IN SIMILAR SETUPS. THEY ARE OFFCOURSE RARE IN THEIR OCCURRENCE AND DISTRIBUTION.

9. LOCAL INDICATORS: LOCAL INDICATORS ARE MORE COMMON.SOME 63 SPECIES OF LOCAL INDICATORS HAVE RECOGNISED. BUT OPINION IS DIVIDED ABOUT THEIR ULTIMATE PRACTICAL UTILITY.

10. ELEMENTS UNIVERSAL INDICATORS LOCAL INDICATORS 1.COBALT Crotalaria cobalticola - Silene cobalticola - 2. COPPER Acrocephalus robertii Armeria maritima Astragalus declinatus Polycarpaea glabra Becimum homblei Polycarpaea spriostylis Gypsophila patrini Polygonum posumbu Merceya latifolia Eschscholtzia mexicana

11. ELEMENT UNIVERSAL INDICATORS LOCAL INDICATORS Viscaria alpina Tephrosia sp. Merceya ligulata 3 IRON - Betula sp. - Clusia rosea - Dacrydium caledonicum - Damnara ovata

12. ELEMENTS UNIVERSAL INDICATORS LOCAL INDICATORS - Eutessa intermedia 4. LEAD - Baptisia bracteata - Erianthus gigantus - Tephorosia polyzyga 5. MANGANESE - Digitalis purpurea - Fucus vesiculolus - Trapa natans

13. ELEMENTS UNIVERSAL INDICATORS LOCAL INDICATORS Zostera nana 6. MOLYBDENUM - Astragalus declinatus 7. NICKEL - Asplenium adulterium - Pulsatilla patens 8. PHOSSPHOROUS - Convolvulus althaeoides 9. SELENIUM Aster venusta Neptunia amplexicanlis Astragalus ssp. - Onopsis spp. - 10. SELENNIUM &URANIUM Astragalus (certain ssp.) - 11 . SILVER - Eriogonum ovalifolium - Lonicera confusa

14. ELEMENT UNIVERSAL INDICATORS LOCAL INDICATORS 11. VANADIUM Astragalus bisulcatus - 12. ZINC Viola lutea Thlaspi calaminare Viola calamineria G omphrena canescens Matricaria americana Philadelphus sp.

15. Cobalt

16. Copper

17. Iro n

18. Lead

19. Manganese

20. Molybdenum

21. Nickel

22. Phosphorus

23. Selenium

24. Silver

25. Zinc

26. SOME MUTATIONAL EFFECTS CAUSED BY THE PRESENCE OF CERTAIN ELEMENTS ON CERTAIN PLANTS ARE USEFUL IN RECOGNISING In the case of multispectral aerial photography where the mutational effects can be recognized. It provide an indirect evidence of possible presence of certain elements in regional scale explorations .

27. ELERMENT MUTATIONAL EFFECT Iron Dark ening of leaves. Copper Dead leaves on lower leaves from tips, purple stems, chloritic leaves with green veins, stunted roots. Cobalt White dead patches on leaves. Zinc Chloritic leaves with green veins, white dwarfed forms, roots stunted , manganese deficiency. Nickel White dead patches on leaves,chlorosis and necrosis. Molybdenum Stunting, yellow orange colored, abnormally shoot. Manganese Chloritic leaves, stem and petiole lesions, curling,dead areas on leaf margins

28. ELEMENT MUTATIONAL EFFECTS Chromium Yellow leaves with green veins Aluminum Study roots, leaf scorch mottling Serpentine Dwarfism colour changes of flowers Uranium and radioactivity Variation in flower colour presence of abnormal fruits, stimulation. Chromium Chlorosis of leaves.

29. DIAMOND: Pandanus candelabrum , which has been found to grow only above K imberlite pipes. Kimberlite pipes typically play host to diamond bodies . Identified by Stephen Haggerty , a geophysicist.

30. Dramatically change the exploration dynamics for diamonds. Pandanus candelabrum

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