Geographical Information Systems as geoinformatics science for planning student (GIS).pptx

as GIS is a most modern tools today for planning and data science it gives more comprehensive and logical data inquiring, manipulating and design tools so this presentation gives more detail and advanced concepts about the theoretical knowledge of geographic information system will gives valuable concepts for students, academicians and practitioners

1. Geographical Information Systems (GIS) Unit one Introduction to GIS By Kirubel E ndale

2. Geographic = Spatially Referenced Data ( have locations and dimensions within a coordinate space) . Information = Data Processed into a usable Form ( extraction of specific and meaningful information from a diverse collection of data). System = a framework for Manipulating, Querying, Analyzing and Disseminating Information . What is a GIS?

3. “A powerful set of tools for Storing and Retrieving at will, Transforming and Displaying Spatial Data from the real world for a particular set of purposes.” (Burrough, 1986, p6) “A system for Capturing, Storing, Checking, Manipulating, Analyzing, and Displaying Data which are Spatially Referenced to the Earth ” (Department of Environment, 1987) “ An Information Technology which Stores, Analyses, and Displays both Spatial and Non‐Spatial Data ” (Parker, 1988) Definition 1: GIS- a Toolbox

4. A System ‐ a group of connected entities and activities. An Information System ‐ a set of procedures, executed on raw data, to produce information for decision making. A Geographic Information System : a computer-based system to aid in the Collection, Maintenance, Storage, Analysis, Output, and Distribution of spatial data and information. A Geographic Information System ‐ an Information System using geographically referenced data. Definition 2: GIS-Information System

5. Question What main reason differs GIS from other planning software? ?

6. By data, we mean representations of the real world that is the raw recording of measurements. Data is of little use unless it is transformed into information. Spatial Data means data that contains Positional Values. Geospatial data is spatial data that is Geo-referenced. By information, we mean data that has been interpreted by human being understanding and knowledge. Geo-information is a specific type of information that involves the interpretation of spatial data. We transform data into information through the use of an information system. Data vs Information => =>

7. Data integration is the linking of information in different forms through a GIS. Its ability to Integrate Spatial and Non-Spatial Data with in a single system. Integrated Information System can be established. Data Integration

8. Data Integration

9. New technology for making maps, Automatic map making, Because location is important, Geospatial data are better maintained in a standard format, Revision and updating are easier, Geospatial data and information are easier to search, analysis and represent, More value added product, Geospatial data can be shared and exchanged freely, Productivity of the staff improved and more efficient, Time and money are saved, Consistency and better science, Better decision can be made, Better problem solving. To create maps that are difficult to make by hand E.g., 3D or stereoscopic maps Spatial Analysis – Neighborhood searches, Overlays, Proximity Analysis, 3D-Analysis Why GIS ? Why GIS is valuable?

10. GIS Concept #1: Features have attributes associated with them. These attributes describe the properties and characteristics of these features. Suppose tree is one record in a database. We call each category (e.g. tree height ) a field/attribute . Using GIS we can map the location of special trees and identify which attributes belong to which tree . We can know what information relates to which tree. GIS Concepts

11. GIS Concept # 2: Information is separated into layers. Each layer carries information about features of the same type (streets, rivers, etc). Layers represent data in a variety of ways (Raster, Vector or TIN layers). For example, we can have a layer with rivers and a layer with soil types and a third layer for trees locations . We can conduct analysis between layers and only display layers of interest. GIS Concepts

12. Topography DTM Slopes Soil Land-use Risk area Example to Select the Best Track for a New Highway? Alternative 1 Alternative 2 Alternative 3 Decision Makers National park Cadastral parcel

13. Location: what it is at...? Here we are seeking to find out what exists at a particular location. A location can be described in different ways using, for example, place name, zip code, or latitude and longitude coordinates. Condition: where is it...? Instead of identifying what exists at a particular location, we can find a location where certain conditions are satisfied. Trends: what has changed since...? This seeks to discover the differences between an area as a result of the passing of time. e.g. How much land has gone from agriculture to other uses since 1950? Questions a GIS can Answer

14. Patterns: what spatial patterns exist? This discovers what types of patterns may exist in the newly created data file that were not visible before. For example you may wish to know what kinds of patterns exist for motor vehicle accidents? i.e. where motor vehicle accidents occur and at what times? Modeling: what if...? This helps to determine what happens if something is changed within an area. For example a toxic substance seeps into the local groundwater supply, or an earthquake of a given magnitude occurs at a given point, etc. Routing: which is the best way...? Questions ...

15. In simple form GIS functions are: Capture, Store, Manipulate, Analyze, Display, and Output. Data Input & Management Spatial Attribute Quality Control & Database Management Data Compilation Data Storage and Update Retrieving Data and Metadata Data Manipulation: Geo-processing Analysis & Modeling Information Output Maps, charts, tables, reports … GIS Functions

16. GIS, with its array of functions , should be viewed as a process rather than as merely software or hardware. GIS Process

17. A typical GIS composed by the following components: Software applications to perform GIS operations. Hardware (Scanner, Color display, desktops, digitizer, plotter, etc) on which a GIS operates . Procedures/Analysis (scripts, programs, analysis methods, etc to complete certain tasks ). Data availability and accuracy of data can affect the results of any query or analysis. Expert knowledge to apply GIS appropriately. Networking (LAN, Wireless, Internet, Intranet, etc). GIS Components

18. GIS Components

19. New technology for making maps, Automatic map making, Because location is important, Geospatial data are better maintained in a standard format, Revision and updating are easier, Geospatial data and information are easier to search, analysis and represent, More value added product, Geospatial data can be shared and exchanged freely, Productivity of the staff improved and more efficient, Time and money are saved, Consistency and better science, Better decision can be made, Better problem solving. To create maps that are difficult to make by hand E.g., 3D or stereoscopic maps Spatial Analysis – Neighborhood searches, Overlays, Proximity Analysis, 3D-Analysis Why GIS ? Why GIS is valuable?

20. Data and its representation GIS data represents real world objects such as roads , land use , elevation with digital data. Real world objects can be divided into two discrete objects (a house, land use…) continuous fields (temperature, rain fall amount or elevation).

21. Geography Cartography Remote Sensing Photogrammetry Surveying Geodesy Statistics Operations research Computer Science Mathematics Urban planning Management science etc. GIS: Contributing Disciplines

22. broadly concerned with understanding the world and man's place in it. long tradition in spatial analysis provides techniques for conducting spatial analysis and a spatial perspective on research Geography Cartography concerned with the display of spatial information currently the main source of input data for GIS is maps digital cartography provides methods for digital representation and manipulation of cartographic features and methods of visualization GIS: Contributing ...

23. Remote Sensing images from space and the air are major source of geographical data; remote sensing includes techniques for data acquisition and processing anywhere on the globe at low cost, consistent update potential; interpreted data from a remote sensing system can be merged with other data layers in a GIS using aerial photographs and techniques for making accurate measurements from them; it is the source of most data on topography (ground surface elevations) used as input to GIS. Photogrammetry GIS: Contributing ...

24. provides high quality data on positions of land boundaries, buildings, etc Surveying source of high accuracy positional control for GIS, and measures the size and shape of the Earth Geodesy many applications of GIS require use of optimizing techniques for decision-making during research Research Operation GIS: Contributing ...

25. many models built using GIS are statistical in nature, many statistical techniques used for analysis statistics is important in understanding issues of error and uncertainty in GIS data Statistics computer-aided design (CAD) provides software, techniques for data input, display and visualization, representation, particularly in 3 dimensions advances in computer graphics provide hardware, software for handling and displaying graphic objects, techniques of visualization Computer Science GIS: Contributing ...

26. Relations of other disciplines with GIS

27. Agricultural applications, Forestry applications, Rangeland applications, Water resources applications, Urban and regional planning applications, Wetland mapping, Land use/ Land cover mapping, Geologic and soil mapping, Wildlife ecology applications, Archaeological applications, Environmental assessment, monitoring and management, Transportation and infrastructure planning, Market analysis, visual impact analysis, Land Information System and Cadastral Application , Site Selecting Analysis and many other applications etc. Application Areas of GIS

28. A broad and reliable information base is essential if natural resources are to be managed effectively. What are the problems related to lack of information? What is the difference between data and information explain briefly ? What distinguishes GIS from other information systems? Explain how GIS deals with layered data. List and briefly explain the various GIS functions. What are the questions that a GIS can answer ? . What do you think is the possible application of GIS in the area of your specialization? Review questions

29. The End

30. Any Questions?

31. THANK YOU