German and Italian Unification.ppt: Explains the formation of both Italy and Germany in the late 1800's.

Educational tool used to explain the Unification of both Germany and Italy in the late 1800's. Its importance in European and World History. Gives factual detail of events in this period and its significance to the rest of the world. The unfication of these countries highlights the role of Nationalism and how it in turn led to the formation of two fascist states post World War 1 in the early 1900's. It also explains how World War was born out of nationalism part of the cause of the war.

1. Unifications of Germany &
Italy

2. Background:
•Napoleon’sinvasions unintentionally
unleashedforces of nationalism
•Early 1800’s-German-speaking
peoples lived in many different areas
–w/ a variety of rulers
•Last half of 1800’s = Age of
Nationalism
•European leaders used nationalism to
create strong, unifiednations.

4. Napoleon’s Influence:
Congress of Vienna created the German
Confederation –to keep France in check–

5. UNIFICATION OF GERMANY

6. Bismarck Unites Germany:
•Otto von Bismarck –architect of
German unification
•Prussian Junker –conservative
land-owning noble –
•Ambassador to France & Russia
•1862–Kaiser Wilhem I’sPrime
Minister
•appointed Chancellor–highest
position in monarchy short of
king

7. The “Iron” Chancellor:
•Realpolitik –politics based upon
needs of the state
•Use any means possible to achieve
goals!
•Not strictly a GERMAN nationalist-
his main goal was not to unify
Germany
•Main Goal: Create a strong German
state to increase Prussian power

8. “BLOOD & IRON”:
•1862 –Famous speech to Prussian
Legislature:
•Prussia needed a strong military &
industrialization to achieve greatness
•Militarism-had to use war to achieve
goals
•Over next decade-built powerful
military by using funds collected for
other purposes = Prussia fought3
separate wars.

9. Map of German Speaking Peoples

10. War 1: The Danish War:
1864: had an alliancew/ Austria
•“liberated”(seized) German-
Speaking provinces of
Schleswig & Holstein from
Denmark
•Divided them between Prussia
(Schleswig)& Austria (Holstein)
•Austria was weakened b/c
Holstein was really in German
territory

11. War 2: –Austro-Prussian War:
•1866 -akaThe 7 Weeks War
•Bismarck provoked Austria -Schleswig &
Holstein border dispute
•Austria attacked Prussia–Prussian
victory
•Prussia annexed Holstein & several
north German states
•North German Confederation formed
** only 4 southern states not unified
under Prussian leadership**

13. War 3: The Franco-Prussian War –
•1867 –4 Southern (Catholic) German
states resisted Protestant leadership
•Bismarckpredicted they would unite
if faced w/ a foreign threat –thought
of France
•Createdthe “doctored”Ems Telegram
•Bismarck “edited” a letter from the
Kaiser to the king of France that
insulted France
•France declared war on Prussia –just
as Bismarck predicted

14. Franco-Prussian War 1870-71:
•Sept. 1870 –Prussia captured 80,000 French
forces
•Parissurrenderedafter 4 month siege
Results:
1. Germany was unified
2. Treaty of Paris –France gave
Alsace & Lorraine to Prussia &
paid war reparations
3. Wilhelm I –crowned Kaiser
(emperor)–of German Empire

16. United Germany –Results:
•Shift in European balance of power –
Germany replaces Prussia & France to
challenge British might
•Germanynow economic / industrial,
political & military powerhouse
•French resentment over Franco-
Prussian War defeat will be an
underlying cause for WWI

17. United German Foreign Policy:
Goals:
1. Keep France weak
2. build alliancesw/Russia &
Austria
3. Improve naval power to
compete w/ Britain
•Bismarck opposed to an over-
seas empire
•Feared would stall unification

18. German Domestic Policies:
Bismarck’s policies to ensure German
survival:
•Tried to erase local loyalties & crush
internal opposition to imperial rule.
•Attempted to weaken Catholic
Church influence -state had to
approve Catholic schools & priests
(1/3 of Germany is Catholic)
•Expelled Jesuits from Prussia,
encouraged civil marriages –
•Backfired-Catholics rallied behind
Church & won elections

19. Kaiser Wilhelm II: 1888
•grandson of Kaiser Wilhelm
•1890 –believed he knew
best for Germany -fired
Bismarck
•Militaristic-wanted
overseas empire =
imperialism
•Kaiser wanted “ A place
in the sun” for Germany

20. BISMARK REVIEW
•https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mz9Cy0xUH0E

21. Unification of Italy

22. Italy Background:
•Sectionalism= same language, but politically
divided since Roman Times.
•1780s-France & Austria fought over Italian
control
•1790s-Napoleon (France)won control of Italy
•Napoleon brought ideals of French Rev to Italy
& helped spur nationalism
•1814-1850s-Austrians invade & win back some
control

23. Italy Background:
•Regions such as Naples, Piedmont-
Sardinia, & Lombardy resented
foreign (French and Austrian) rule
•Papal States (Pope controlled)feared
unification because thought Church
would lose influence
•Rebellionsoccurred between 1820-
1848 –all crushed

24. Giuseppe Mazzini: AKA The Heart
•EarlyItalian nationalistleader –
founder of secret society called
Young Italy –“Italy, one, free,
independent, republican nation”.
•1849 –set-up a Republic in
Rome BUTcrushed by French
•Much of his life in exile –but
continued writing in support of
unification

25. “Risorgimento”
•“The Resurgence” –Italian
Nationalist Movement –
gained strength after 1848
•Beganin Kingdom of
Piedmont-Sardinia
•Led by constitutional
monarch & nationalist
Victor Emanuel II

26. Count Camillo Cavour “The Brains”
•P.M. of P Sardinia –cleverdiplomat
•“Architect” of unification –alliance
w/France = gained influence
•1859 –provoked & won war
against Austriaw/French help
•Italian rebels overthrew several
Austrian backed rulers
•Joined w/Piedmont-Sardinia into
larger northern Italian state

27. Giuseppe Garibaldi –The Sword
•Italian nationalist –supported
by Cavour w/ weapons & ships
•1860 –1,000 “Red-Shirts”
invaded & quickly won control
of Sicily
•Marched north to Naples –
liberated southern Italy

28. A Turning Point to Unity:
•Cavour feared Garibaldi would
set-up his own republic in South
•P. Sardinia conquered Papal
States & linked-up w/ Garibaldi’s
forces
•1861 –patriotic move –Garibaldi
surrendered Sicily, Naples, &
southern Italy to P. Sardinia
•Victor Emanuel II –became king
ofa united Italy

30. Unification is Completed!
•Two areas still out of Italian control in 1861:
Rome & Venetia
•Cavour died in 1861-didn’t see unification
•1866 –Italians made alliance w/ Prussia
during Austro-Prussian War-gained Venetia
•1870 –During Franco-Prussian War –France
forced to pull troops out of Rome =
complete Italian unification for 1
st
time
since fall of Roman Empire

32. Challenges Face the New Nation:
REGIONAL DIFFERENCES:
North-urbanized, industrial,
wealthier
South-rural, agricultural, poor,
illiteracy
Popes urged Italians to not to
cooperate w/new government.
because feared losing influence

33. •Economic & political
turmoil between
unification and 1914
•Outbreak of WWI &
explodingItalian
population led many
to emigrate to US,
Canada & Latin
America

35. COMPARING UNIFICATIONS: