Gis (geographical information system)

A GIS is a particular form of Information System applied to geographical data.
An Information System is a set of processes, executed on raw data to produce information which will be useful when making decisions. 
GIS is not only a tool for making maps, it is a system for data analysis.

1. “ Geographic Information System” Dr. Tariq M ehmood Under The Guidance of: 1 [email protected]

2. R E P O R T E D B Y 2 Geographical Information System Farwa Butt Muhammad Alfahad [email protected]

3. C O N T E N T S Introduction........................................................... .1 History..................................................................... 6 Principle.................................................................. 11 Functions................................................................ 13 Data Types.............................................................. 21 Vector.......................................................... Raster.......................................................... Advantages............................................................. 25 Disadvantages........................................................ 27 References.............................................................. 31 3 Geographical Information System [email protected]

4. I N T R O D U C T I O N A GIS is a particular form of Information System applied to geographical data. An Information System is a set of processes, executed on raw data to produce information which will be useful when making decisions.  GIS is not only a tool for making maps, it is a system for data analysis. 4 Geographical Information System [email protected]

5. D E F I N I T I O N S Geographical Information System  A set of tools for : Collecting Storing Manipulating Retrieving Transforming and display of spatial d ata, from the real w orld. OR GIS is a computer based information system design to accept large volume of data and allow us to store, retrieve analyze and model . 5 [email protected]

6. H I S T O R Y The concept of GIS was first introduced in the early 1960s, it was subsequently research & develop as a new discipline. Roger Tomlinson was the first pioneer of this concept. In second phase, development of GIS history occurred in 1970s, then concept progressed as national agencies in 1980s. 6 Geographical Information System [email protected]

7. G R A P H I C A L Data ( OR) S P A T I A l Data Identifies the geographical location of features & boundaries on earth. Geographical information is a spatial type of information which is use to locate event on earth. It is necessary to understand graphical / spatial data for GIS. 7 Geographical Information System [email protected]

8. Cont... 8 Geographical Information System [email protected]

9. E X I S T I N G S Y S T E M S There are various existing systems such as Google maps, MapQuest, etc. This systems provide inadequate information about user needs. 9 Geographical Information System [email protected]

10. P R O P O S E D S Y S T E M This is the website which is to be designed in such a manner that even a new person in the given area will find it easy to spot the needful mapping system. The user could find the shortest path for his destination. User could be able to find contacts and appointments for needful places. 10 Geographical Information System [email protected]

11. P R I N C I P L E Data Capture : Data sources are mainly obtained from manual digitization and scanning of aerial photographs, paper maps, and existing digital data sets. Database Management and Update : D ata security, data integrity, and data storage and retrieval, and data maintenance abilities . 11 Geographical Information System

12. Cont… Geographic Analysis: The collected information is analyzed and interpreted qualitatively and quantitatively. Preparing Result : One of the most exciting aspects of GIS technology is the variety of different ways in which the information can be presented. 12 Geographical Information System

13. F U N C T I O N S Data Capture : The input of data into a GIS can be achieved through many different methods of gathering. For example, aerial photography, scanning, digitizing, GPS or global positioning system is just a few of the ways a GIS user could obtain data. Data Storage: Some data is stored such as a map in a drawer, while others, such as digital data, can be as a hardcopy, stored on CD or on your hard drive. 13 Geographical Information System

14. Cont... Data Manipulation : The digital geographical data can be edited, this allows for many attribute to be added, edited, or deleted to the specification of the project. Query And Analysis: GIS was used widely in decision making process for the new commission districts. We use population data to help establish an equal representation of population to area for each district. Visualization : This represents the ability to display your data, your maps, and information. 14 Geographical Information System

15. F U N C T I O N S 15 Geographical Information System

16. C O M P O N E N T S Hardware: Computer System, Scanner, Printer. Software : GIS software in use are MapInfo, ARC/Info, AutoCAD Map, etc. Data: A GIS will integrate spatial data with other data resources and can even use a DBMS, used by most organization to maintain their data, to manage spatial data. Geographic data and related tabular data can be collected in-house or purchased from a commercial data provider. 16 Geographical Information System

17. Cont… People: GIS users range from technical specialists who design and maintain. Method: The map creation can either be automated raster to vector creator or it can be manually victories using the scanned images. 17 Geographical Information System

18. Cont... 18 Geographical Information System Input Data Management Out Put Methods Geo-graphic Data Keypad, Scanner, Digitize Table Hard & Software Monitor, Plotter, Network

19. Cont... 19 Geographical Information System

20. S O F T W A R E For GIS 20 Geographical Information System Software's MapInfo ArcInfo QGIS Grass

21. D A T A T Y P E S 21 Geographical Information System Vector Points Lines Polygons

22. V E C T O R 22 Geographical Information System Complex Data Structure. Expensive Technology. Analysis is Complex Good Representation of data. Use small File Size. Accurate map output. Disadvantages: Advantages:

23. R A S T E R 23 Geographical Information System Raster Cell Pixels Elements

24. R A S T E R 24 Geographical Information System Simple Data Structure. Cheap Technology. Analysis is Simple. Large Data Volume. Inefficient use of computer storage. Difficult network analysis. Less accurate. Advantages Dis-Advantages

25. A D V A N T A G E S O F GIS GIS allows us to view, understand, and visualize data in many ways that reveal relationships, patterns, and trends in the form of maps, globes, reports, and charts. A GIS helps you answer questions and solve problems by looking at your data in a way that is quickly understood and easily shared. GIS give the accurate Data. Better Predictions and Analysis .  25 Geographical Information System

26. A D V A N T A G E S O F GIS With help of GIS, we can easily analyze and identify the expected Location. Easy to Use. General Purpose Solving Application. Allocates the map(How to reach ). Estimate the Availability of end user(visiting office ). 26 Geographical Information System

27. D I S - A D V A N T A G E S O F GIS High damage in case of internal fault. Expensive software. Integration with traditional map is difficult. 27 Geographical Information System

28. S C O P E O F GIS An information system has a full range of functions to find: Hospitals & Health care Centers. Schools , Colleges & Education Campus. Hotels , Restaurants. Banks , ATMs. Govt . Offices, Police Stations. Railway Stations, Bus Stations, etc. 28 Geographical Information System

29. A satellite View of Earth [email protected]

30. S U M M A R Y 29 Geographical Information System

31. C O N C L U S I O N User can print and save the image of the required map. User can view different parameters of particular area. User can get path from source to destination. GIS will also provide working hours. 30 Geographical Information System

32. R E F E R E N C E S Xuan , Zhu. GIS for Environmental Applications A practical approach. ISBN 9780415829069. OCLC 1020670155. Fu , P., and J. Sun. 2010.  Web GIS: Principles and Applications . ESRI Press. Redlands, CA. ISBN  1-58948-245-X. " Open Source GIS History – OSGeo Wiki Editors". Retrieved 21 March 2009. Wade , T. and Sommer , S. eds.  A to Z GIS. 31 Geographical Information System

33. 32 Geographical Information System [email protected]

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