GIS map visualization presents environmental information for green space to purify urban atmosphere

GIS map visualization presents environmental information for green space to purify urban atmosphere

1. GIS map visualization presents environmental information for green space to purify urban atmosphere Jessica Hsu , Ya -ting Fan, Chun- jou Lin, Chao- heng Tesng presented by 1

2. Contents 01. Introduction 02. Method 03. Results and Discussion 04. Conclusion 05. Reference 2

3. 01. Introduction In response to the abnormal global climate, climate change directly occurs on human beings and the ecological environment. Planting trees is one of the adjustment methods. Tree crown can intercept, reflect and absorb solar radiation, and absorb heat from the evaporation of trees to adjust summer temperature. In addition, the water evaporated by the trees can increase the relative humidity; if trees are planted in the outer suburbs of the city, its fresh and clean air will also flow into the urban area, which also has an impact on climate regulation. 3

4. 02. Method Study area: five districts in Taipei City (Da-an, Xin- yi , Song- shan , Zhong- zheng and Zhong- shan District) Input data from stationary, mobile, and area sources into AERMOD to obtain concentration dispersion maps. Point source pollution: Taiwan Emission Data System 8.1 Using the coordinate system to mark the point source pollution and its emission rate at each location. Line source: Road traffic flow data obtained by the Department of Transportation, Taipei City Government The emission rate of the line source is calculated by road traffic flow times emission factor. Emission rate (g/s) = X (vehicle/year) × road length (km) × emission factor (g/Km/year) 4

5. 02. Method Area Source net pollution: Assuming that each tree species is 10 years old, the tree height is 10 meters, and the total leaf area is 103.23 m 2 . The estimated annual net pollution amount of trees is calculated as 300 trees per hectare as following: Annual net pollution= Vd × Mean atmospheric concentration × Total leaf area × Conversion factor Fig.1 Estimated annual hectare absorption (kg/ha/ yr ) of SO 2 , O 3 and NO X by different tree species. species SO 2 O 3 NO X Flame Gold-rain Tree 6.10 8.60 49.65 Pistacia 7.24 42.88 153.21 Araucaria excelsa   30.28 22.91 4.80 Tamarix chinensis 14.08 60.62 141.47 average 14.43 33.75 51.40 species PM 10 PM 2.5 Delonix regia 36.98 10.38 Hibiscus tiliaceus 14.11 3.66 Rose Wood 1.67 0.38 Flame Gold-rain Tree 134.84 33.43 Fig.2 Suspended particulate dust retention per unit leaf area 5

6. 02. Method In AERMOD, frame the top 10 parks and open spaces in Taipei City, as following, and select the area with no trees or few trees. Surface absorption source output diagram This study refers to the Integrated Environmental Strategies Program (IES) of the US Environmental Protection Agency and the European Air Pollution Health Effects Benefits Analysis model (APHEBA). After localization, constructed Air Resources Co-Benefits ( ARCoB ) Model (Chao-Heng Tesng , 2010). Obtain the relationship between the increase in pollutant concentration and medical expenditure and life loss. 6

7. 03. Results and Discussion 7

8. 3.1 Concentration base map of pollutants Fig.3 Annual average concentration Fig.4 Annual average concentration Fig.5 Annual average of SO 2 . of PM 10 . concentration of PM 2.5 . Fig.6 Annual average of NO X . Fig.7 Annual average of O 3 . Red marks indicate the highest concentration of pollutants absorbed by trees. Green marks indicate lower concentrations. Taipei City is affected by the northeast monsoon. If trees are planted in the red area, they can resist external pollutants, and the pollutants on the southwest side of the trees will be reduced. 8

9. 3.2 Demographics and gridding in ArcGIS Fig.8 Population distribution map of the study area in the five districts of Taipei City. 9

10. 3.3 ArCoB health loss assessment model The annual average concentration value was used as the concentration standard value to calculate the health loss in Taipei City. Amount of life lost = LLE × number of people × VSLY LLE: lost of life years VSLY: value of life year ($/person/y) Medical expenditure = AP × medical expenses × proportion of population AP: disease attributable score ($/y) proportion of population: The number of people in the study area / total population of Taiwan 10

11. 3.3 ArCoB health loss assessment model pollutants A. reduce medical spending B. Reduced amount of lost life C. health benefits C=A+B % of total health loss PM 10 674,631 153,133,989 153,635,495 69% PM 2.5 462,863 39,808,873 40,271,736 19% SO x 49,823 4,258,665 4,308,488 2% NO x 116,318 9,952,462 10,068,780 4% O 3 176,737 15,136,051 15,312,787 6% Total 1,480,372 222,290,040 223,597,286 100% PM 10 is the highest among five air pollutants in reducing health losses. The reason is that the reduced concentration of PM 10 and the percentage of disease increase are higher than other air pollutants, and the amount of reduced health loss is as high as $153,635,495,000 per year. Fig.9 Health loss due to tree purification (thousand$ /person/y) 11

12. 3.4 Impact of Air Pollution on Health Loss In this study, the population that reduces the health loss is taken as the unit (thousand $/person/y), and the population is multiplied by the health loss (thousand $/person/y), and the result is input into the GIS population grid map. From Fig.12, we can see the reduction of health loss in Taipei City, and the amount of savings is distributed from red to green as shown in the figure. Fig.12 (a) Taipei City reduces total healthcare spending (b) Taipei City reduces total health loss 12

13. 04. Conclusion In this study, AERMOD was used to simulate the absorption of non-point sources to promote the concentration distribution of five air pollutants: PM 10 , PM 2.5 , SO 2 , NO X and O 3 . AERMOD will have different diffusion distribution patterns according to different pollutants, which is the concentration distribution basemap . This research will combine tree uptake data, atmospheric diffusion model and GIS spatial analysis to build a spatial model of air quality to achieve the adjustment of planting trees, and to explore the health benefits of five air pollutants PM 10 , PM 2.5 , SO 2 , NO X and O 3 . From the population grid density map, it can be seen that Taipei City is mainly concentrated with high population density. Therefore, after combining the five districts of Taipei City with the tree adaptation absorption concentration map, we can see the relationship between population density and absorption concentration distribution. In the final health benefit statistics, trees are used as an adaptation method, which reduces medical expenses by $1,480,372 and reduces life expectancy by $222,290,040, and the total health benefit was $223,597,286 . 13

14. 05. Reference Environmental Protection Administration, Executive Yuan. 「臺灣地區環境保護統計年報」， 2001 環保署 / 國科會空污防制研合作計畫期末報告 ( 定稿 ) ，「臺灣空品淨化區之碳匯、生物多樣性、與社區效益」， 2013 Chao-Heng Tesng ，「能資源整合循環型社會中溫室氣體與 空氣污染綜合減量之經濟及生態效益」，國科會， 2010 14

15. Thank you 15