Glass And Glazing

Glazes have been discovered to have been used in the decoration of ceramics as far back as the early Egyptian period. Powdered glass was originally used as the base of historic glazes. Minerals and water-soluble salts were added which altered the color and texture of the final product.
Glass is a non-crystalline, often transparent, amorphous solid that has widespread practical, technological, and decorative use in, for example, window panes, tableware, and optics. Glass is most often formed by rapid cooling of the molten form; some glasses such as volcanic glass are naturally occurring.

1. The Material Glass
Fundamentals of Building Construction, Materials & Methods, 5
th
Edition
Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons. All rights reserved.
17 Glass & Glazing

2. Fundamentals of Building Construction, Materials & Methods, 5
th
Edition
Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons. All rights reserved.
The Material Glass
Advanced Glazing
Systems
•Glass is the most-used cladding
material for tall buildings due to its
strength, light weight, durability, and
wide range of available optical and
thermal properties

3. Fundamentals of Building Construction, Materials & Methods, 5
th
Edition
Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons. All rights reserved.
The Material Glass
Advanced Glazing
Systems
•Glass has seemingly unlimited
optical and aesthetic possibilities

4. Glass Ingredients and
Thicknesses
•Glass is made from
–Sand (silicone dioxide)
–Soda ash (sodium hydroxide or
sodium carbonate)
–Lime (calcium)
–Alumina
–Potassium oxide
•Glass is supercooled liquid and in
sheet form strength is impacted by
imperfections in glass
•Thicknesses range from
approximately 3/32 inch (single
strength) to 1/8 inch (double
strength) to 1 inch.
•Heat treatments such as tempering
impact glass strength and uses
Fundamentals of Building Construction, Materials & Methods, 5
th
Edition
Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons. All rights reserved.
The Material Glass
Tempered Glass is Used in Store Front
For Strength and Breakage Safety

5. Glass Types by Heat
Treatment and Strength
•Annealed glass
ˉRegular float glass which is cooled slowly
to reduce in built stress
•Tempered glass
ˉProduced by cutting annealed glass to
required size, reheating and then cooling
rapidly. Higher strength and breaks into
small shards
•Heat-strengthened glass
ˉBetween annealed and tempered with
breakage behavior like annealed
•Laminated glass
ˉSandwich of multiple layers of glass with
PVB interlayer. Suitable for security
applications as glass stays in place
•Fire-rated glass
Fundamentals of Building Construction, Materials & Methods, 5
th
Edition
Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons. All rights reserved.
The Material Glass
Laminated Glass Used in Sloped
Glazing Provides Safety Against Falling
Shards

6. Glass Types by
Architectural Treatments
•Patterned glass
ˉHot glass can be rolled into sheets with
many different surface textures and
patterns to obscure vision for privacy
•Fritted glass
ˉPigmented glass particles called frits are
used to imprint glass. Glass is dried and
fired in tempering furnace to make it
permanent
•Spandrel glass
ˉUsed to cover bands of floor/wall
around the floor edges. Usually
tempered or heat strengthened with
insulation behind them
Fundamentals of Building Construction, Materials & Methods, 5
th
Edition
Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons. All rights reserved.
The Material Glass
Fritted Glass Used
to Create Patterns
Darker Colored
Spandrel Glass

7. Glass For Controlling
Solar Radiation
•Tinted Glass
–Made by adding small amounts of
selected chemical elements to the
molten glass mixture
•Reflective Glass or Solar Control Glass
–Thin Durable films of metal or metal
oxide are deposited on the surface of
either tinted glass or clear glass to make
the glass reflective. The film turns away
significant portion of solar radiation
Fundamentals of Building Construction, Materials & Methods, 5
th
Edition
Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons. All rights reserved.
The Material Glass
Building With Reflective Coated Glass

8. Impact of Glass Type on
Control of Visible Light
and Solar Radiation
•Transmitted Radiation
•Reflected Radiation
•Absorbed Radiation
•Re-radiation
Fundamentals of Building Construction, Materials & Methods, 5
th
Edition
Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons. All rights reserved.
The Material Glass
Effect of Three Different Glazing Assemblies on
Incoming Sunlight –Outside is on Left

9. Glass and Thermal
Considerations
•IGU –Insulating Glass Unit
–Made of multiple glass with sealed air space
reducing conductance, single glazing is single
glass, double glazing is two sheets and triple
glazing is three sheets of glass
–Space filled by air or inert gas in a
hermetically sealed cavity
–Different spacers used including warm-edge
spacer
–Performance given in terms of U values
•Low Emissivity coated glass (Low-e)
–Formed with transparent metallic coating to
improve thermal performance
–Located on surface 2 and sometimes on
surface 3.
–Improves thermal performance
Fundamentals of Building Construction, Materials & Methods, 5
th
Edition
Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons. All rights reserved.
The Material Glass
Two Methods of Sealing
Edge of Double Glazing

10. Glass and Thermal
Considerations
•Visible Light Transmittance -VT
–Ratio of visible light passing to the
amount striking the glass
•Solar Heat Gain Coefficient -SHGC
–Ratio of heat admitted to the amount
striking the glass
•Light Solar Gain Ratio –LSG
–Ratio of VT to SHGC
Fundamentals of Building Construction, Materials & Methods, 5
th
Edition
Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons. All rights reserved.
The Material Glass
GlazingType VT SHGCLSGU
1
R
2
Single glazing, clear 0.900.85 1.31.1
6.3
0.91
0.16
Double glazing, clear 0.790.70 1.10.47
2.7
2.1
0.37
Double glazing,
medium gray tinted
0.400.45 0.90.47
2.7
2.1
0.37
Triple glazing, clear 0.530.52 1.00.34
1.9
2.9
0.52
Double glazing, clear,
low-e (low SHGC)
0.640.27 2.40.28
1.6
3.6
0.63
Double glazing, clear,
low-e (high SHGC), argon filled
0.780.63 1.20.27
1.5
3.7
0.65
1
U-Factor: Btu/ft
2
-hr-
o
Ffollowed byW/m
2
-
o
K
2
R-Value: ft
2
-hr-
o
F/Btufollowed by m
2
-
o
KW
Glass Properties Impacting Thermal
Visual Performance

11. Fundamentals of Building Construction, Materials & Methods, 5
th
Edition
Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons. All rights reserved.
The Material Glass
Glass and Thermal
Considerations
•The label on this fabricator's
glass sample indicates that this
IGU consists of
–a ¼"-thick low-e, annealed lite
(with the trade name
Solarban 60)
–a ½" spacer and
–a ¼" clear annealed light.
–VLT of 0.70
–SC of 0.44
–SHGC of 0.38
–U-Value of 0.29

12. Glazing
Fundamentals of Building Construction, Materials & Methods, 5
th
Edition
Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons. All rights reserved.
17 Glass & Glazing

13. Glazing Small Lights
•Not subject to excessive wind force or
stresses due to thermal expansion
•Glass first held in place by Glazier’s
points and then sealed on outside with
putty followed by painting
•Factory glazed units employ improved
putties or glazing compounds which stay
elastic for longer period of time
Fundamentals of Building Construction, Materials & Methods, 5
th
Edition
Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons. All rights reserved.
Glazing
Alternative Methods of Single Glazing
Small Lights –Outdoor Side on Left

14. Glazing Large Lights
•Large lights, those over 6 ft
2
(0.6 m
2
)
require more care in glazing due to
stresses
•Design objectives are
–Support weight of glass without
abnormal stress patterns
–Support glass against wind pressure and
suction
–Allow for expansion and contraction of
glass and frame without damage
–Avoid contact of glass with any hard
material such as frame
Fundamentals of Building Construction, Materials & Methods, 5
th
Edition
Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons. All rights reserved.
Glazing
Glaziers Install Lights of Glass that
Weigh as Much as 125 pounds (57 kg)

15. Glazing Large Lights
•Setting blocks are of synthetic
rubber and support weight of glass
•Bite or depth of grip on the edge
of glass of certain amount is
required to resist wind load
•Glazing components used
between frame and glass are either
wet or dry such as
–Preformed solid tape sealant
made of polybutene
–Wedge or roll in gasket
–Lock strip gasket
•In good design reliance for
waterproofing relies on wet and
dry seals in conjunction with
pressure equalization and drainage
Fundamentals of Building Construction, Materials & Methods, 5
th
Edition
Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons. All rights reserved.
Glazing
Alternative Methods of Single Glazing
Large Lights –Outdoor Side on Left

16. Glazing Large Lights
•Lockstrip gasket is a dry glazing method
•It is faster, easier and less dependent on
workmanship then wet glazing method
•Wet glazing with good workmanship is
more effective
Fundamentals of Building Construction, Materials & Methods, 5
th
Edition
Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons. All rights reserved.
Glazing
Lockstrip Gasket Installation in
Progress and Completed

17. Advanced Glazing
Systems
•Butt-joint glazing system
–Head and sill of the
glass sheets are
supported
conventionally in metal
frames, but vertical
mullions are eliminated
–The vertical joints
between sheets of glass
are made by injection of
colorless silicone sealant
–There is a strong effect
of unbroken horizontal
band of glass around the
building
Fundamentals of Building Construction, Materials & Methods, 5
th
Edition
Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons. All rights reserved.
Glazing
Mullionless Butt-Joint Glazing With
Single Glazing

18. Advanced Glazing
Systems
Fundamentals of Building Construction, Materials & Methods, 5
th
Edition
Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons. All rights reserved.
Glazing
Mullionless
Butt-Joint
System Seen
from the
Outside

19. Fundamentals of Building Construction, Materials & Methods, 5
th
Edition
Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons. All rights reserved.
Glazing
•Horizontal strip windows that need to
appear mullionless only from the outside
can use a mullion on the inside
•Sill and head are conventionally glazed
Advanced Glazing
Systems

20. Advanced Glazing
Systems
•Structural silicone flush
glazing
–The metal mullions lie
entirely inside the glass
with glass adhered to the
mullion by silicone
sealant
–Outside skin is
completely flush
–Systems with critical
silicone work done in
factory are also possible
Fundamentals of Building Construction, Materials & Methods, 5
th
Edition
Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons. All rights reserved.
Glazing
Glass Mounted With Four-Side
Structural Silicone Glazing

21. Fundamentals of Building Construction, Materials & Methods, 5
th
Edition
Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons. All rights reserved.
Glazing
Steps in assembly of a mullion for a four-side
structural silicone exterior flush glazing system
Advanced Glazing
Systems

22. Fundamentals of Building Construction, Materials & Methods, 5
th
Edition
Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons. All rights reserved.
Glazing
•Structural Spacer Glazing is a proprietary
system
•The glass is fastened to the mullion with an
aluminum pressure plate.
•The face is then sealed
•Desiccant is integrated into the system
Advanced Glazing
Systems

23. Advanced Glazing
Systems
•Suspended Glazing Systems and
Glass Mullion System
–Used primarily for high walls of
glass around building lobbies
–Tempered glass sheets are
suspended from above and
stabilized by tempered glass
perpendicular stiffeners
–Metal fittings are used to join
multiple sheets of glass
–Stainless steel cables and fittings
are used in roof applications
Fundamentals of Building Construction, Materials & Methods, 5
th
Edition
Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons. All rights reserved.
Glazing
Glass Suspended from Above With
Vertical Glass Stiffeners

24. Fundamentals of Building Construction, Materials & Methods, 5
th
Edition
Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons. All rights reserved.
Glazing
•Four point spider fitting
•Adjustable vertical stainless steel rod carries
the load to the structure above
Advanced Glazing
Systems

25. Fundamentals of Building Construction, Materials & Methods, 5
th
Edition
Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons. All rights reserved.
Glazing
A suspended glazing
system with "saddle"
(anticlastic) curvature
keeps the entire wall
system in tension.
Advanced Glazing
Systems

26. Fundamentals of Building Construction, Materials & Methods, 5
th
Edition
Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons. All rights reserved.
Glazing
The spider fittings and cable
system must resist wind,
seismic, and dead loads
without inducing bending
forces in the glass or creating
stress concentrations around
the points of attachment
Advanced Glazing
Systems

27. Fundamentals of Building Construction, Materials & Methods, 5
th
Edition
Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons. All rights reserved.
Glazing
The glass wall obtains additional
stiffness where the cable system is
tied to adjacent columns.
Advanced Glazing
Systems

28. Building Construction
Glazing
•Insulating laminated glass
units serve as roof
•Laminated glass fins
serve as beams
•Vertical rods take the
load from the fins
•Vertical rods transfer
load to cables which in
turn transfers it to steel
trusses
Advanced Glazing
Systems

29. Fundamentals of Building Construction, Materials & Methods, 5
th
Edition
Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons. All rights reserved.
Glazing
•Vertical rods take the
load from the fins
•Vertical rods transfer
load to cables which in
turn transfers it to the
steel trusses
•Upward arching cables
provide wind uplift
resistance
Advanced Glazing
Systems

30. Glazing
Leaded Stained Glass

31. MasterFormat Sections For
Glass
17 Glass and Glazing
CSI/CSC MASTERFORMATSECTIONSFORGLASS
08 80 00 GLAZING
08 81 00 Glass Glazing
08 83 00 Mirrors
08 84 00 Plastic Glazing
08 85 00 Glazing Accessories
08 88 00 Special Function Glazing
Hurricane-Resistant Glazing
Cable-Suspended Glazing
Pressure-Resistant Glazing
Radiation-Resistant Glazing
Security Glazing
Ballistics-Resistant Glazing