Glassware and laboratory equipment, biochemistry by Dr. Anurag Yadav

Common Glasswares and the Laboratory Equipments used in the Biochemistry practical laboratory for the teaching and learning.
MBBS, BDS, BSc, MSc.

1. GLASSWARE & LAB EQUIPMENT 1 Dr Anurag Yadav MBBS, MD Assistant Professor Department of Biochemistry Instagram page –biochem365 Email: [email protected]

2. GLASSWARE Why Study Glassware? Practical exams Viva Voce Research 2

3. GLASSWARE Beakers Flasks- Conical Flasks - Volumetric Flasks Test tubes Graduated cylinders Pipettes- Graduated - Volumetric - Pasteur Bottles-Reagent bottles - Drop bottles - Wash bottles Funnels Folin-wu tube Glass rods 3

4. BEAKERS 4

5. BEAKERS Beakers are wide, straight sided cylindrical vessels available in a wide range of volumes from 5ml to 5000ml. Uses : preparation of solution/reagents . Used for transferring liquid to another container or to transfer a small amount of reagent for use in procedures. 5

6. CONICAL FLASKS 6

7. CONICAL FLASKS/ERLENMEYER It has a flat bottom, conical base, and a cylindrical neck. They are marked on the side( graduated ) to indicate the approximate volume of their contents. Uses: .For performing titrations and for boiling the solutions, since evaporation is minimum because of the conical shape -These are also suitable for storage of liquids 7

8. VOLUMETRIC FLASKS This is flat bottomed pear shaped vessel with long narrow necks and Specific volume mark, fitted with stopper. Uses : To precisely measure one specific volume of liquid. - This flask is used to prepare a solution of known concentration . 8 .

9. TEST TUBES Test tubes are uniform thickness and withstand mechanical and thermal shock Tubes with a rim are preferred when reagents are heated directly over a flame with a test tube holder . 9

10. GRADUATED/MEASURING CYLINDER This is straight long cylindrical tube with graduations on its side. They are generally more accurate and precise for measuring volume than flasks, but it is a semi-accurate liquid measuring vessels because of their wide bore. Uses: For rapid measurement of liquid volume . 10

11. READING THE VOLUME Clear liquids- Read lower meniscus. 11

12. PIPETTES 3 Types of glass pipettes are used in the practical hall Graduated Volumetric Pasteur pipette USES- to transport a measured volume of a liquid. 12

13. GRADUATED PIPETTES These are long glass tubes of uniform diameter. With a tapered tip marked by graduations of 0.1 to 10ml capacities with uniform intervals, These graduations are durable, resistant to chemical attack and normal washing. Eg : Serological pipette, Mohr pipettes. USES: Pipetting of distilled water and reagents, which is accurate in quantitative determination . 13

14. VOLUMETRIC PIPETTE Designed to transfer a fixed amount of liquid when filled to the mark, Eg : 10 mL and only 10 mL. There is generally only “ one fill-line “ on it. 14

15. PASTEUR PIPETTE Has rubber bulb attached to the top of the glass tubing, tapered at the tip. USES: 1. Used in qualitative determinations, where few drops of specimen is added in reagent. 2. used in separation of serum and plasma from cells. 15

16. BOTTLES Reagent bottles Drop bottles Wash bottles Available in different capacities, Cylindrical, Have narrow necks & fitted with stoppers made up of plain glass. Amber colored bottles : useful to Store certain reagents like ferric Chloride which are light sensitive 16

17. These are about 50-100ml capacities, made of white or brown glass, with a narrow neck and a slotted glass stopper. Uses : They are used for delivery of drops of solutions, such as stains. DROP BOTTLES 17

18. WASH BOTTLES A plastic bottle with a delivery tube at the top. Uses : Mainly used for the delivery of distilled water . 18

19. FUNNELS Uses: These are used for pouring liquids, chemicals or solutions into container. Separation of solids from liquids. Separation of liquids from liquids. 19

20. FOLIN-WU TUBE This glass tube has a bulb at the bottom and marking at 12.5 and 25ml. Uses : Used for quantitative estimation of blood sugar , as it prevents reoxidation of cuprous oxide. 20

21. GLASS RODS Used to stir or mix solutions or reagents. Glass rod 21

22. OTHER IMPORTANT INSTRUMENTS Ounce glass Spatula Test tube Pipette holder pump 22

23. Tips Careful while handling acids use test tube holders Always add acid to water never reverse..

24. While boiling , don’t face open end of tube towards ur friend… Never try to sniff ur reaction. Never pipette with mouth.

25. Distillation plant Water   Distillation  System is the  plant  in which heat is provided to boil impure form of water into steal Dr Anurag Yadav, Biochemistry FMMC. 25

26. Hot air oven The electrical device which is widely used in medical products manufacturing industries, rubber industries, and many more to perform the process of sterilization using dry heat is known as Hot Air Oven. The instrument works on the basis of dry heat to sterilize the specimens and articles. Dr Anurag Yadav, Biochemistry FMMC. 26

27. INCUBATOR an enclosed apparatus in which premature or unusually small babies are placed and which provides a controlled and protective environment for their care. an apparatus used to hatch eggs or grow microorganisms under controlled conditions Dr Anurag Yadav, Biochemistry FMMC. 27

28. VACUTAINER A vacutainer blood collection tube is  a sterile glass or plastic test tube  with  a colored rubber stopper  creating  a vacuum seal  inside of the tube, facilitating the drawing of a predetermined volume of liquid. Vacutainer tubes may contain additives designed to stabilize and preserve the specimen prior to analytical testing Dr Anurag Yadav, Biochemistry FMMC. 28

29. DIP STICK This test is done on a sample of your pee with a thin plastic strip treated with chemicals. It’s dipped into your urine, and the chemicals on the stick react and change color if levels are above normal. Things the dipstick test can check for include: Acidity, or pH Dr Anurag Yadav, Biochemistry FMMC. 29

30. MICROTIPS IT HELPS TO TRANSFER OF IN MICROQUANTITIES IN SERUM ANALYSIS Dr Anurag Yadav, Biochemistry FMMC. 30

31. SPHECTROPHOTOMETER The spectrophotometer is an instrument which measures an amount of light that a sample absorbs. The spectrophotometer works by passing a light beam through a sample to measure the light intensity of a sample. Dr Anurag Yadav, Biochemistry FMMC. 31

32. ELECTROLYTE ANALYSER An  electrolyte   analyzer  is used for measuring  electrolytes  proposition present in biological samples such as urine, serum and blood plasma that helps in diagnosing disease and patient treatment because these  electrolytes  play vital role in body functioning and maintenance, and imbalance  electrolytes  can cause kidney diseases, heart failure etc Dr Anurag Yadav, Biochemistry FMMC. 32

33. PCR Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is a method widely used to rapidly make millions to billions of copies of a specific DNA sample, allowing scientists to take a very small sample of DNA and amplify it to a large enough amount to study in detail. PCR was invented in 1983 by the American biochemist Kary Mullis at Cetus Corporation. Dr Anurag Yadav, Biochemistry FMMC. 33

34. MAGNETIC STIRRER A  magnetic   stirrer  or  magnetic  mixer is a laboratory device that employs a rotating  magnetic  field to cause a  stir  bar (or flea) immersed in a liquid to spin very quickly, thus stirring it. The rotating field may be created either by a rotating  magnet  or a set of stationary electromagnets, placed beneath the vessel with the liquid Dr Anurag Yadav, Biochemistry FMMC. 34

35. AUTOPIPETTE An  automated   pipetting  system is generally a device which performs programmed transfers of liquid between preselected groups of containers. The word " pipetting " is referring to the laboratory manual tool called  pipette , which is commonly used in molecular biology, analytical chemistry, and medical tests, to transport a measured volume of liquid. 35

36. Centrifuge A machine with a rapidly rotating container that applies centrifugal force to its contents, typically to separate fluids of different densities 36

37. Electronic balance An electronic balance is a device used to find accurate measurements of weight. It is used very commonly in laborites for weighing chemicals to ensure a precise measurement of those chemicals for use in various experiments. 37

38. Vortex Mixer A vortex mixer, or vortexer , is a simple device used commonly in laboratories to mix small vials of liquid. It consists of an electric motor with the drive shaft oriented vertically and attached to a cupped rubber piece mounted slightly off-center 38

39. ELISA ELISA stands for enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. An ELISA, like other types of immunoassays, relies on antibodies to detect a target antigen using highly specific antibody-antigen interactions. In an ELISA assay, the antigen must be immobilized to a solid surface 39

40. ABG ANALYSER Arterial Blood Gas analyzer Used for Arterial Blood Gas analysis. Components of ABG: pH, pCO2, pO2, Hco3 - , Saturation of O2 and base excess Arterial blood and Heparin 40

41. GLUCOMETER Glucometer Used for the monitoring of blood glucose electronically (Dry chemistry, GOD POD method), using a small drop of blood from the fingertip, placed on the disposable test strip. The machine gives the result within seconds and displays the blood glucose on the screen 41

42. PH METER pH meter The pH is measured by the potential difference between reference electrode and a measuring electrode To determine the pH of a solution or buffered solution 42

43. COLORIMETER Photoelectric Colorimeter Works on Beer’s law (Optical density of the coloured solution is directly proportional to the concentration of the solution) Lambert’s law (Optical density of the coloured solution is directly proportional to the path of light) Blood glucose & Blood urea and other colored parameters with end point reactions can be done 43

44. SEMI ANALYSER The Semi-auto Biochemistry Analyzer  measures biochemical indexes  by analyzing blood and other body fluid, then combines with other clinical information, to help diagnose disease, evaluate organs function, identify disease gene and determine the norm for future therapy. 44

45. AUTO ANALYSER The AutoAnalyzer is a device used in testing the chemical properties of various substances. the machine creates a report in the fraction of the time once necessary to perform multiple tests 45

46. CHROMATOGRAPHY Descending paper chromatography Separation of the mixture of compounds based on differential partition between mobile and stationary phase It used for chromatographic technique for the separation of a mixture of compounds. Ex: Amino acids 46

47. ELECTRPHORESIS Electrophoresis is a laboratory technique used to separate DNA, RNA, or protein molecules based on their size and electrical charge. An electric current is used to move molecules to be separated through a gel. Pores in the gel work like a sieve, allowing smaller molecules to move faster than larger molecules 47

48. WATER BATH Water baths are ideal for maintaining temperature set points over a long period of time. Different sizes and depths of the bath chamber are available to meet your application. 48

49. ALBUMINOMETER An instrument for  measuring the  amount  of  albumin  present , as in urine 49

50. URINOMETER The instrument is Mercury based urionometer , calibrated at 15 C A device used to measure the specific gravity of the urine in the range of 1.000 to 1.060 The specific gravity of urine, thus measured is an indication of the solute content in the urine 50

51. MICROSCOPE A microscope is a laboratory instrument used to examine objects that are too small to be seen by the naked eye. Microscopy is the science of investigating small objects and structures using a microscopic Microscopic means being invisible to the eye unless aided by a microscope . 51

52. Thank You 52